Ingres (database system)

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Ingres

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Basic data

developer Actian Corporation
Current  version Ingres Database 10.2
(September 30, 2014)
operating system Unix derivatives , Linux , Windows
programming language C.
category Database system , server
License GPL ( Free Software ) or proprietary
www.actian.com

Ingres [ iŋ'grεs ] is a free relational database system . Its name is an acronym for "interactive graphics retrieval system". Ingres was made in the 1970s under the direction of Michael Stonebraker at the University of California, Berkeley . He wanted to demonstrate the concept of a relational database. The source code of Ingres was under a BSD -style license available. A follow-up project by Michael Stonebraker was Postgres , from which today's open source project PostgreSQL emerged .

Michael Stonebraker, Eugene Wong and Gerald Held received the ACM Software System Award in 1988 for developing the system .

history

Beginnings

Like the IBM System R, Ingres was created for the first implementation of a relational data model for large shared databases by Edgar F. Codd in 1970 and appeared in 1974.

Ingres versions 6.4 and IngresII were for a long time a frequently used database management system (DBMS), mainly in computer center operations at universities and other public corporations. For a while, it was able to assert itself against the dominance of Oracle because of low licensing costs . On the grounds that Ingres' performance was comparable to that of other large DBMS, the then owner Computer Associates raised the license fees significantly, which meant that a major advantage over Oracle was lost. As a result, Ingres installations were increasingly replaced by Oracle implementations. (In 2004 only around 15,000 installations worldwide). In order to stop the complete demise of Ingres, Ingres was released as open source software from version Ingres r3.

In addition to the low license fees, IngresII had the advantage over Oracle of lower resource requirements, which is why it could also be used on smaller machines. Disadvantages were the more difficult usability, the smaller number of platforms on which this system ran, and fewer Ingres-capable applications. The inadequate marketing by Computer Associates and the resulting lack of sales as well as a lack of IT technicians who mastered this system and could be called in if necessary were partly responsible for the decline .

One of IngresII's weaknesses was that an SQL statement could not be processed by several processors at the same time. Even if several CPUs were used, it could happen that a large query received the entire resources of a CPU, which meant that the required communication between the CPU-based Ingres servers was no longer possible and this resulted in a severe performance drop. The current version no longer knows this problem, because CPUs can process queries in a division of labor.

Ingres today

Since 2005, Ingres has been an independent company again, with headquarters in Redwood City (California). The current Ingres version is Ingres 10.

In mid-2010, VectorWise was initially released for Linux 64-bit (Windows 64-bit announced), a new database engine that uses the processor cache for data processing and thus significantly accelerates data analysis for reading applications.

"We ported a business application from Oracle to Ingres VectorWise and were astounded by the substantial performance increases, which were up to 70 ×."

- Michael Thuleweit : Datamatics

history

  • Berkeley-Ingres ("University" Ingres, currently from 8.9, public domain)

The Berkeley Ingres in an earlier version was the basis for the commercial Ingres (first Relational Technology , then Ingres Corporation , then ASK / Ingres , then acquired by Computer Associates , now the investment company Garnett & Helfrich Capital under the name Ingres Corporation ) OpenINGRES, on the other hand also for the public domain postgres , whose version 4.2 was the basis for today's PostgreSQL.

  • Ingres 5.x
  • Ingres 6.1–6.3
  • Ingres 6.4
  • OpenINGRES 1.0 to 2.0
  • IngresII 2.0 to 2.6
  • Ingres r3 (3.0) (under the "CA Trusted OpenSource License")
  • Ingres 2006 (under version 2 of the GPL )
  • Ingres 2006 Release 2
  • Ingres Database 9.2
  • Ingres Database 9.3
  • Ingres Database 10

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 1974: The release of INGRES and the birth of the database industry . In: Lab News . University of California, Berkeley. September 29, 2003.
  2. ↑ Datamatics?