Interlinear glossing

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The Inter Linear Morphemglossierung shortly interlinear gloss , is a method of linguistics , in which a mostly foreign-language expression word for word analyzing glossed is. The glosses to be analyzed are written in a separate line, inter-linearly between the lines with the words of the analyzed language and the translation. In contrast to the simpler interlinear translation, the individual words are usually also analyzed with regard to their morpheme structure.

Example (German spoken language)
(Analyzed language :) diː ˈTasǝ ʃteːt ˈA͜ufm̥ tɪʃ
(Engl. Interlinear glossing :) DEF.F.SG.NOM cup (F) [SG] stand.upright: PRS: 3SG vertical_on: DEF.M.SG.DAT table (M) [SG.DAT]
(English translation :) 'The cup is on the table.'

Glossary-specific transcription line

In written language statements, it is occasionally necessary to insert another row with a Glossierungstranskription.

On the one hand, this can be the case if the written language to be analyzed was written in a non-Latin-based font. With a view to the non-specialist reader, it is then customary to convert the original text line into a Latinized transliteration or transcription .

On the other hand, the text to be analyzed can be provided with edition-philological markings . In some cases it is then necessary to omit or implement these markings in the / a separate glossing transcription line in order to avoid confusion with the identically-looking markings of the interlinear glossing (see below ).

Example ( Coptic written language)
(Analyzed written language :) ⲡⲣⲣⲟ ⲇⲉ ⲛ [ⲉⲙ] ⲛⲧ ϥ ϣ ⲏⲣ <ⲉ> ⲛ ϩ ⲟⲟⲩⲧ {ⲧ}
(Glossing transcription :) p = rro de ne = mnt-f šēre n = hoout
(Interlining glossing :) DEF.SG.M = King (M) but PST = not_have- 3SG.M Son / child (M) ATTR = male (M)
(Translation:) 'But the king had no son ...'

regulate

Basic rules

arrangement
The words of the language to be analyzed and the glosses to be analyzed are left-aligned word for word . (Pragmatic exception: for single or a few words, the glosses can also follow the word chain.)
Examples: see above.
Grammatical categories
Grammatical categories are given in small caps and usually in abbreviated form. Internationally certain standard abbreviations have emerged for grammatical categories that are common in terms of language typology.
Example: him - 3SG.M.OBJ .
One-to-multiple correspondences
If a word of the language to be analyzed corresponds to a chain of several glosses (translation words and / or grammatical categories), these must be connected by a character (spaces are not allowed here). In the unmarked, simplest case, the parts are connected by a period (“.”) . (Pragmatic exception: grammatical person and number are placed side by side without being connected.)
If several words of the language to be analyzed correspond to a single / compact gloss, they are connected by an underscore (“_”) .
Examples: feet - feet . PL ; in _ front _ of - before ; him - 3SG .M.OBJ .

Advanced rules

Affixes and clitics
Optionally, boundaries are set to clearly separable affixes (suffixes and prefixes) and clitics (enclitics and proclitics) both in the glossing and in the language to be glossed with a hyphen “-” (affix) or with a double line “=” (clitic) marked.
Examples: return back = comm-en - back = come- INF ; Are you coming? come-st = e - come- PRS.2SG = 2SG.NOM .
Reduplication
Optionally, grammatically productive (partial) reduplication both in the glossing and in the language to be glossed is marked with a tilde “~” .
Example: Latin cucurrit cu ~ curr-it - PERF ~ come- 3SG .
Structure parallelism
The number and order of the morpheme-separating markings for words (spaces in the word-for-word arrangement), affixes (“-”), clitics (“=”) and reduplications (“~”) must be in the line to be glossed (glossing transcription) and be exactly identical in the glossing line.
ablaut
Optionally, a grammatically productive ablaut can be marked in the glossing with a backslash “\” .
Example: Fathers Fathers - father \ PL.NDAT .
Distributed affixes
There are further marking recommendations for infixes (angle brackets “<>”) and for circumfixes (e.g. inverted angle brackets “> <”, repetition, etc.). The circumflex “^” was recently proposed to mark transfixes that occur especially in Semitic languages .
Examples: lat. Relinquere reli < n > qu-ere - leave behind < PRS > - INF ; come ge> come <en - PART.PERF > come < PART.PERF ; come ge-komm-en - PART.PERF 1 -come- PART.PERF 1 ; vowel pattern in battery. šapārum š a p ā r-order - write ^ INF -NOM.SG .
Unspecified morpheme type (wildcard marking)
Morphemes that cannot be separated clearly or with difficulty in the language to be analyzed, but are theoretically separable somehow, can be separated in the glossing with a colon “:” . The colon can also be used if the morphemes can be separated easily, but the glosser can use this separation e.g. B. do not want to display in the line above the glossing for reasons of clarity.
Examples: would have had-st - have : COND.PST-2SG ; returned returned = - back = come : PART.PERF ; Fathers Fathers - father : PL.NDAT .
Missing morphemes
Grammatical information that does not result from the addition, but from the lack of an affix or the like, should preferably be given in square brackets “[]” in the glossing .
Examples: Go! go - go_by_foot [IMP] ; Father father - father [SG] .
Inherent categories
Grammatical categories which are usually not marked morphologically, but which are anchored in the lexicon, such as B. the gender in German can optionally be specified in round brackets “()” .
Examples: father's father - father (M) [SG] -GEN.SG .

Interlinear morpheme glossation vs. Interlinear translation

Interlinear morpheme glossing can - depending on the requirement and purpose - be operated in different degrees of detail. The scale ranges from a complete analysis of all morphemes to the analysis of only selected morphemes to the (almost) complete waiver of the analysis of grammatical morphemes. In the latter case, one can speak of an interlinear translation.

Example of different glossing options
The Coffee cups stood beautiful on the Table.
(Interlinear glossing, detailed :) DEF.F.PL.NOM coffee (M) [SG.NOM] : cup (F): PL stand.upright: PST: 3PL already vertical_on DEF.M.SG.DAT table (M) [SG.DAT]
(Interlinear glossing, selective :) the. NOM coffee: cups Status: PST: 3PL already on the. DAT table [DAT]
(Interlinear glossing, translating :) the coffee: cups stood.upright: they already vertical_on the table
(Interlinear translation :) the coffee cups (they) stood already on the table
'The coffee cups were already on the table.'

Please note that the lowest option violates a basic rule of linguistic interlinear glossation ( one-to-several equivalents , other use of round brackets, structure parallelism ) and therefore cannot be designated as such.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Leipzig Glossing Rules 2008; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. , 2004.
  2. ↑ Glossing Ancient Languages contributors: 'Glossing Rules. An extra glossing line ' . In: Glossing Ancient Languages (accessed August 6, 2013).
  3. ↑ Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 1; see. Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 27.
  4. ↑ Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 3; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 29.
  5. ↑ See Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: Rules 4, 4a, and 5; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 11.
  6. ↑ See Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 2; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rules 12 and 15.
  7. ↑ See Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 10; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 19.
  8. ↑ See Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rules 9 and 10.
  9. ↑ Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 4d; see. Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 10.
  10. ↑ See Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 9; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 18.
  11. ↑ See Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 8; Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 17.
  12. ^ Daniel A. Werning: 'Glossing Rules. Transfix (root-and-pattern_morphology) ' . In: Glossing Ancient Languages (accessed August 6, 2013). On the other hand, see Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 20.
  13. ↑ Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 4c; see. Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing. 2004, rule 13.
  14. ↑ Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 6.
  15. ↑ Leipzig Glossing Rules. 2008: rule 7.

literature

  • Christian Lehmann: Interlinear Morphemic Glossing . In: Geert Booij, Christian Lehmann, Joachim Mugdan & Stavros Skopeteas (eds.): Morphology. An international handbook on inflection and word formation (=  handbooks for linguistics and communication studies ). 2nd half volume, no. 17/2 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 978-3-11-017278-2 , pp. 1834–1857 ( manuscript PDF ).
  • Camilla Di Biase Dyson, Frank Kammerzell & Daniel A. Werning: Glossing Ancient Egyptian. Suggestions for Adapting the Leipzig Glossing Rules . In: Lingua Aegyptia. Journal of Egyptian Language Studies . No. 17 , 2009, ISSN  0942-5659 , p. 243-266 ( PDF ).

Web links

See also