International Association of Academies

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The International Association of Academies (IAA) was an international association of academies that was formed in 1899 and existed until after the First World War . The International Association of Academies worked in the Natural Sciences and Humanities (Lettres) sections. Its two successor organizations were the International Research Council and Conseil International de Recherches for the natural sciences and the Union Académique Internationale for the humanities in 1919 .

History and tasks

In the prehistory of the IAA , four German-speaking academies (Göttingen, Vienna, Leipzig and Munich) initially formed the cartel of academies in 1893 , although the Berlin academy initially kept its distance. The London Royal Society sent u. a. as an observer her secretary Sir Arthur Schuster . After further cartel meetings in Leipzig (1897), Göttingen (1898), it was decided in Wiesbaden in 1899 on an initiative of the Royal Society to include other countries.

The IAA set itself the task of "initiating and otherwise promoting scientific projects of general interest [...] as well as facilitating scientific exchange between the various countries" and "acquerir une formation international par interet national". The IAA was initially dominated by the German academies in terms of number of votes and language. The association created the basis for an international exchange of information on the results of scientific expeditions as well as for the creation of an international bibliography of scientific literature and a program of seismological and geodetic research.

The following ten academies formed an amalgamation in Wiesbaden in 1899: the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin , the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen , the Royal Society of Sciences in Leipzig , the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of natural Knowledge , the Königlich Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, the Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France in Paris, the Imperatorskaja Akademija nauk in St. Petersburg, the Academia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome , the National Academy of Sciences in Washington and the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. The German academies had formed the so-called cartel of academies as an umbrella organization as early as 1893 . Of these ten academies, nine more were invited to the first conference in Paris: the Koninglijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschapen in Amsterdam, the Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres es de Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, the Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia in Budapest, Det Norske Videnskapsakademi in Christiana in Oslo, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab in Copenhagen, the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid, the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de l'Institut de France in Paris, the Academie des Sciences morales et politiques de l ' Institut de France in Paris and the Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien in Stockholm. Up until World War I, there were also the following: the British Academy in London in 1904 , the Academy of Sciences in Tokyo (Nippon Gakushiin), in 1910 the Societe Helvetique de Sciences Naturelles / Swiss Society for Natural Research in Bern, in 1913 the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Societas Scientiarum Fennica / Finska Vetenkaps-Societeten / Suomen Tiedeseura in Helsingfors.

By 1914 the Association met at 5 general assemblies in Paris, London, Vienna, Rome and St. Petersburg and decided there to carry out 31 companies, 19 scientific, 11 humanities and, as an interdisciplinary one, the edition of Leibniz's works.

After the end of the First World War, at a congress from July 18 to 28 in Brussels, on the initiative of the Entente states, it was decided to found the International Research Council for the natural sciences and the Union Académique Internationale for the humanities as the successor organization to the International Association of Academies , without however to formally trigger the association. However, since the German-speaking academies assumed that the association would continue and did not accept the new foundations, there was initially no organizational merger. It was not until May 13, 1935 that the German cartel academies were accepted into the Union Academique. The International Research Council for the natural sciences received new statutes in 1931 and was renamed: International Council for Scientific Unions , in 1998 it was renamed the International Council for Science (ICSU).

The cartel of the German Academies was renamed the Reich Association of German Academies in 1941 . After the Second World War , the Working Group of the German Academies of Sciences was founded, which was followed in 1967 by the "Conference of the German Academies of Sciences". On January 1, 1999, the "Conference of the German Academies of Science" was renamed Union of the German Academies of Science . This is a member of the European Science Foundation , the All European Academies , the InterAcademy Council and the Union Académique Internationale .

literature

  • Martin Gierl: History and Organization. Institutionalization as a communication process using the example of the science academies around 1900. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-525-82505-6 .
  • Conrad Grau : The Prussian Academy and the re-establishment of international scientific contacts after 1918. In: Wolfram Fischer (Ed.): The Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin 1914–1945 (= interdisciplinary working groups, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. Research reports. Vol. 8 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-05-003327-4 , pp. 279-315.
  • Conrad Grau: The science academies in German society. The "cartel" from 1893 to 1940. In: Eduard Seidler (Ed.): The nation's elite in the Third Reich. The relationship of academies and their scientific environment to National Socialism (= Acta historica Leopoldina. Vol. 22). Barth, Leipzig et al. 1995, ISBN 3-335-00409-4 , pp. 31-56.
  • Roy MacLeod: Scientific Internationalism in Crisis. The Allied Academies and their Response to the First World War. In: Wolfram Fischer (Ed.): The Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin 1914–1945 (= interdisciplinary working groups, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. Research reports. Vol. 8). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-05-003327-4 , pp. 317-349.

Individual evidence

  1. a b Martin Gierl: History and Organization. Institutionalization as a communication process using the example of the science academies around 1900. 2004, pp. 213–320; Roy MacLeod: Scientific Internationalism in Crisis. 2000, p. 323.
  2. Martin Gierl: History and organization. Institutionalization as a communication process using the example of the science academies around 1900. 2004, pp. 395–470.
  3. Martin Gierl: History and organization. Institutionalization as a communication process using the example of the science academies around 1900. 2004, pp. 472–553; Conrad Grau: The Prussian Academy and the re-establishment of international scientific contacts after 1918. 2000, pp. 279–315.
  4. ^ Conrad Grau: The Prussian Academy and the reconnection of international scientific contacts after 1918. 2000, p. 313.