Interplanetary Internet

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The interplanetary internet

The interplanetary internet ( English interplanetary internet , short IPN - also: Deep Space Internet) is a planned extension of the internet into the interplanetary space of the solar system . Due to the large distances that the signals cover in space, the network protocols used must be particularly tolerant of delays. While delays in data transmission are negligible with the terrestrial and near-earth Internet , the interplanetary Internet is faced with special challenges due to long transmission interruptions and delays in the range of minutes to hours. The nodes involved therefore have to buffer the data to be transmitted for relatively long periods of time until the recipient confirms receipt.

development

While point-to-point communication with ad-hoc protocols prevailed at the beginning of space travel, the need for standardized communication protocols became apparent with increasing cooperation between different nations in space travel. The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) has been responsible for developing these protocols since 1982 .

Although the standardization of communication protocols for space travel initially ran parallel to, but separately from, the development of the Internet, the protocols have converged since the mid-1990s. On January 2, 1996, a file transfer was carried out to the STRV-1b satellite using the File Transfer Protocol , which was based on the TCP / IP-like Space Communications Protocol Specifications (SCPS) protocol stack. The satellites of the Disaster Monitoring Constellation communicate with their ground stations directly via IP.

However, the Internet protocols are only suitable for data transmission over relatively short distances, such as in earth orbit. For use under space conditions with high transmission error rates and delays in communication over long distances, new protocols are needed to connect the regions within which communication can be carried out via Internet protocols. “Region” is a natural term in space network architecture and describes an area in which the characteristics of communication, such as security and availability of resources, are homogeneous. The interplanetary Internet is therefore also referred to as the "network of regional Internet".

For this reason, the development of Delay Tolerant Networking began at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under the direction of Vinton Cerf and Adrian Hooke .

This led to the development of the bundle protocol, which introduces so-called bundle convergence layers above the transport layer and aggregates data blocks into bundles that contain enough information for an application to carry out further work steps. For example, a bundle would include a complete web page that the recipient's web browser can then display. The bundle architecture forms an overlay network between the different regions , which transfers data between the regions according to the “ store and forward ” principle .

The bundle protocol provides delay-tolerant end-to-end services such as routing, availability and security. It was first tested in 2008 on the UK-DMC satellite.

An example of an end-to-end application in a space mission is the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), a reliable file transfer protocol used in the Deep Impact mission.

The PACE mission to determine the health of the ocean is planned for the early 2020s. This uses Delay Tolerant Networking for data transmission.

implementation

The Interplanetary Internet Special Interest Group of the Internet Society worked on protocols and standards on interplanetary Internet. The Delay-Tolerant Networking Research Group is the primary research group in the field of Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN).

The launch of the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter planned for 2009 has been canceled by NASA; the task of the satellite was to facilitate communication between Earth and Mars and would have been the first hub of the interplanetary Internet. NASA continued the DTN tests with the deep impact probe Epoxi .

In January 2010, a computer in space was connected to the Internet for the first time on the ISS .

In October 2012, Sunita Williams controlled the "Mocup" rover in Darmstadt from the ISS using the bundle protocol .

The Mars rover Curiosity , two probes in orbit around Mars and the Epoxi satellite orbiting the Sun are already using the protocol. Epoxi was already sending data over a distance of 32 million kilometers.

Satellites

The orbits of most Earth satellites, including the International Space Station, are low enough to use normal Internet protocols.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Interplanetary Internet , Joab Jackson, IEEE Spectrum, August 2005.
  2. ↑ a b Generation InterPlanetary Internet . SpaceRef
  3. ^ The Interplanetary Internet: A Communications Infrastructure for Mars Exploration . ( Memento of July 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) - 53rd International Astronautical Congress - The World Space Congress, Oct 19, 2002 / Houston, Texas
  4. ↑ CCSDS.org - The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)
  5. Jump up ↑ The Space Technology Research Vehicles: STRV-1a, b, c and d (PDF; 286 kB), Richard Blott and Nigel Wells, AIAA Small Satellite Conference, Logan, Utah, 1996.
  6. ↑ Appendix F, 710.0-G-0.3: Space Communication Protocol Specification (SCPS) - Rationale, Requirements, and Application Notes . (PDF) Draft Green Book, Issue 0.3. April 1997.
  7. ↑ L. Wood et al .: Use of the Delay-Tolerant Networking Bundle Protocol from Space . ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Conference paper IAC-08-B2.3.10, 59th International Astronautical Congress, Glasgow, September 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / info.ee.surrey.ac.uk
  8. ↑ a b UK-DMC satellite first to transfer sensor data from space using 'bundle' protocol. (No longer available online.) Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, September 11, 2008, archived from the original on April 26, 2012 ; accessed on May 6, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sstl.co.uk
  9. ^ Adrian Hooke: Interplanetary Internet . 2003 ( archive.org [PDF]).
  10. ^ Meet the Area Directors - Adrian Hooke . ( Memento of March 5, 2007 on the Internet Archive ) CCSDS.org
  11. ↑ Brittany Sauser: "Just upload new software". Interview with Vint Cerf . November 19, 2008, accessed on May 6, 2012 : "Each node will verify the identity of every other node with which it communicates beforehand and will refuse to forward data if it does not recognize it beyond doubt."
  12. ↑ L. Wood et al .: Use of the Delay-Tolerant Networking Bundle Protocol from Space . ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Conference paper IAC-08-B2.3.10, 59th International Astronautical Congress, Glasgow, September 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / info.ee.surrey.ac.uk
  13. ^ CCSDS Recommendations and Reports - Space Internetworking Services Area . CCSDS.org
  14. ↑ Lynn Jenner: Disruption Tolerant Networking to Demonstrate Internet in Space. July 16, 2018, accessed January 20, 2020 .
  15. ^ InterPlanetary Internet
  16. ↑ Stephen A. Townes et al .: The Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (PDF; 1.4 MB) Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Information: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 28, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov
  17. ↑ Werner Pluta: NASA tests the Internet in space. November 19, 2008, accessed May 6, 2012 .
  18. ↑ NASA Successfully Tests First Deep Space Internet NASA Press Release 08-298, November 2008.
  19. ↑ Space Internet with on-board resources. heise, January 25, 2010, accessed May 5, 2012 .
  20. ↑ European Space Agency (ESA): Interplanetary Internet connection. November 14, 2012, accessed January 20, 2020 .
  21. ↑ Computerworld.ch: Interplanetary Internet tested. Retrieved January 20, 2020 (German).
  22. ↑ n-tv NEWS: This is how the interplanetary Internet works. Retrieved January 20, 2020 .