Iyad Rahwan

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Iyad Rahwan

Iyad Rahwan ( Arabic إياد رهوان, DMG Iyād Rahwān ) is a Syrian-Australian scientist. He is Director of the Center for Man and Machine at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Associate Professor for Media Art and Media Studies at the MIT Media Lab . Rahwan's work lies at the intersection of computer and social sciences , where he has explored topics in computational social science, collective intelligence , large-scale cooperation, and the social aspects of artificial intelligence .

Life

Rahwan was born in Aleppo , Syria . He received his PhD in Information Systems from the University of Melbourne in 2005 . As an assistant and then adjunct professor of computer and information science at MIT partner Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Rahwan explored the possibilities, limits and challenges of scalable social mobilization in different contexts by analyzing data from the DARPA Network Challenge 2009, the DARPA Shredder Challenge 2011 , and the 2012 US State Department Tag Challenge. In 2015, Rahwan founded the Scalable Cooperation Group at the MIT Media Lab , where he is Professor of AT&T Career Development and Associate Professor of Media Arts & Sciences, as well as an affiliated faculty at the MIT Institute for Data, Systems and Society. Rahwan has been Director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin since 2019 , where he founded and heads the "Center for Man and Machine".

Machine behavior

Together with Manuel Cebrian and Nick Obradowitsch, Rahwan was at the forefront of efforts to establish the field of machine behavior. This area deals with the scientific study of systems of artificial intelligence, not as technical artifacts, but as a class of actors with certain behavioral patterns and a certain ecology. This field overlaps with computer science and robotics, but differs from them. It treats the behavior of machines empirically in the same way that ethology and behavioral ecology study the behavior of animals without a complete understanding of the biochemical mechanisms. The contours and fundamental research questions in the field of machine behavior were published by Rahwan, Obradowitsch and Cebrian along with twenty co-authors from all areas of computer and behavioral sciences in an article in the journal Nature.

Society-in-the-Loop

Rahwan coined the term Society-in-the-Loop as a conceptual extension of Human-in-the-Loop systems. While HITL systems embed the judgment of an individual in a narrowly defined control system, SITL is more about embedding the judgment of society as a whole in the system. He cites an AI that controls billions of self-driving cars (and in certain cases decides who is worth rescuing), or a message filtering algorithm with the potential to influence the ideology of millions of citizens (which decides which Content that users should see). Rahwan emphasizes the importance of articulating ethics and social contracts in a way that machines can understand in order to develop new governance algorithms.

Morals and machines

Autonomous Vehicle Ethics

Rahwan is one of the first to view the problem of autonomous vehicles as an ethical dilemma. His 2016 essay " The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles " showed that people embrace utilitarian autonomous vehicles and want others to buy them, but they themselves would prefer to drive in an autonomous vehicle that their passengers could use at all costs protects, and would not use self-driving vehicles if utilitarianism were imposed on them by law. Thus, the paper concludes that regulating utilitarian algorithms could paradoxically increase the number of driving accidents if the adoption of safer technology is inadvertently postponed. The paper received a lot of public attention about the role of ethics in creating artificially intelligent driving systems

Moral Machine

Moral Machine is an online platform that generates ethical dilemma scenarios that hypothetical autonomous machines are confronted with, and allows visitors to evaluate the scenarios and vote on the most morally acceptable between two inevitable harm effects. The scenarios presented are often variations of the trolley problem.

Working with machines

Together with Jacob Crandall and others, Rahwan examined human-machine cooperation by examining how state-of-the-art reinforcement-learning algorithms work in repeated games against humans. The authors showed that the provision of a communication medium can lead to an algorithm learning to cooperate with a human partner faster and more effectively than a human being in these strategic games.

AI and the future of work

Along with his student Morgan Frank and co-workers, Rahwan explored the relationship between the size of the city and the potential impact of artificial intelligence and automation on employment. They used a variety of estimates of the risk of automating various workplaces.

Their main lesson is that smaller cities have greater impact due to automation. A related paper examines the polarization of the US labor market due to the underlying polarized structure of skills in the workplace.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b How Social Media Mobilizes Society - LiveScience .
  2. ↑ a b A. Rutherford, M. Cebrian, S. Dsouza, E. Moro, A. Pentland, I. Rahwan: A. Rutherford, M. Cebrian, S. Dsouza, E. Moro, A. Pentland, and I. Rahwan (2013). Limits of Social Mobilization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110 no. 16 pp. 6281-6286 . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110, No. 16, 2013, pp. 6281-6286. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1216338110 . PMID 23576719 . PMC 3631633 (free full text).
  3. ↑ a b How Crowdsourcing Turned On Me - Nautilus . 23 October 2014.
  4. ↑ Nicolas Stefanovitch, Aamena Alshamsi, Manuel Cebrian, Iyad Rahwan: N. Stefanovitch, A. Alshamsi, M. Cebrian, I. Rahwan (2014). Error and attack tolerance of collective problem solving: The DARPA Shredder Challenge. EPJ Data Science. vol 3, no 13, pages 1-27 . In: EPJ Data Science . 3, 2014. doi : 10.1140 / epjds / s13688-014-0013-1 .
  5. ^ Philip Ball: Crowdsourcing in manhunts can work: Nature News & Comment . In: Nature . 2013. doi : 10.1038 / nature.2013.12867 .
  6. ↑ Alex Rutherford, Manuel Cebrian, Iyad Rahwan, Sohan Dsouza, James McInerney, Victor Naroditskiy, Matteo Venanzi, Nicholas R. Jennings, JR Delara, Eero Wahlstedt, Steven U. Miller: A. Rutherford et al (2013). Targeted social mobilization in a global manhunt. PLOS ONE 8 (9): e74628 . In: PLoS ONE . 8, No. 9, 2013, p. E74628. arxiv : 1304.5097 . bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 874628R . doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0074628 . PMID 24098660 . PMC 3786994 (free full text).
  7. Jump up ↑ Iyad Rahwan, Sohan Dsouza, Alex Rutherford, Victor Naroditskiy, James McInerney, Matteo Venanzi, Nicholas R. Jennings, Manuel Cebrian: Global Manhunt Pushes the Limits of Social Mobilization . In: Computer . 46, No. 4, April 2013, ISSN  0018-9162 , pp. 68-75. doi : 10.1109 / mc.2012.295 .
  8. ↑ Person Overview ‹Iyad Rahwan - MIT Media Lab .
  9. ↑ Iyad Rahwan - IDSS .
  10. ^ Humans and Machines | Max Planck Institute for Human Development .
  11. ↑ Joe McKendrick: Artificial Intelligence Is Now Far Too Big To Be Limited To Computer Science .
  12. ↑ Iyad Rahwan, Nick Obradovich, Josh Bongard, Jean-François Bonnefon, Cynthia Breazeal, Jacob W. Crandall, Jean-François Bonnefon, Nicholas A. Christakis, Couzin Iain D., Matthew O. Jackson, Nicholas R. Jennings, Ece Kamar , Isabel M. Kloumann, Hugo Larochelle, David Lazer, Richard McElreath, Alan Mislove, David C. Parkes, Alex Pentland, Margaret E. Roberts, Azim Shariff, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Michale Wellman: Machine Behavior . In: Nature . 568, No. 7753, April 24, 2019, pp. 477-486. doi : 10.1038 / s41586-019-1138-y . PMID 31019318 .
  13. ^ Society in the Loop Artificial Intelligence .
  14. ↑ Iyad Rahwan: Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract . In: Ethics and Information Technology . 20, No. 1, March 1, 2018, ISSN  1388-1957 , pp. 5-14. arxiv : 1707.07232 . doi : 10.1007 / s10676-017-9430-8 .
  15. ^ Society-in-the-loop . August 12, 2016.
  16. ↑ J.-F. Bonnefon, A. Shariff, I. Rahwan: JF Bonnefon, A. Shariff, I. Rahwan (2016). The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles. Science. 352 (6293): 1573-1576. . In: Science . 352, No. 6293, 2016, pp. 1573–1576. arxiv : 1510.03346 . doi : 10.1126 / science.aaf2654 . PMID 27339987 .
  17. ↑ World Forum discuses how self-driving cars will make life or death decisions .
  18. ↑ Should Your Driverless Car Hit a Pedestrian to Save Your Life - The New York Times . In: The New York Times , June 23, 2016. 
  19. ↑ Whose Life Should Your Car Save? - The New York Times . In: The New York Times , November 3, 2016. 
  20. ↑ Save the driver or save the crowd? Scientists wonder how driverless cars will 'choose' - The Washington Post .
  21. ↑ TedxCambridge: The social dilemma of driverless cars .
  22. ↑ Driverless Cars Pose Difficult Ethical Question - Time.com .
  23. ↑ Driverless car safety revolution could be scuppered by moral dilemma - The Independent . June 23, 2016.
  24. ↑ Ethical dilemma on four wheels: How to decide when your self-driving car should kill you - LA Times .
  25. ↑ For driverless cars, a moral dilemma: Who lives or dies? - Associated Press .
  26. ↑ Ethical dilemma on four wheels: How to decide when your self-driving car should kill you .
  27. ^ Jacob W. Crandall, Mayada Oudah, Tennom, Fatimah Ishowo-Oloko, Sherief Abdallah, Jean-François Bonnefon, Manuel Cebrian, Azim Shariff, Michael A. Goodrich: Cooperating with machines . In: Nature Communications . 9, No. 1, January 16, 2018, ISSN  2041-1723 , p. 233. arxiv : 1703.06207 . bibcode : 2018NatCo ... 9..233C . doi : 10.1038 / s41467-017-02597-8 . PMID 29339817 . PMC 5770455 (free full text).
  28. ^ Jacob W Crandall, Mayada Oudah, Tennom, Fatimah Ishowo-Oloko, Sherief Abdallah, Jean-François Bonnefon, Manuel Cebrian, Azim Shariff, Michael A Goodrich, Iyad Rahwan: Cooperating with Machines . In: Nature Communications . 9, No. 233, 2017, p. 233. arxiv : 1703.06207 . bibcode : 2018NatCo ... 9..233C . doi : 10.1038 / s41467-017-02597-8 . PMID 29339817 . PMC 5770455 (free full text).
  29. ^ AI Can Beat Us at Poker — Now Let's See If It Can Work with Us — MIT Technology Review .
  30. ^ Sarah Widmaier, Jean-Christophe Dumont: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers . In: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers (Ed.): Social Employment and Migration Working Papers . 2011, ISSN  1815-199X . doi : 10.1787 / 1815199x .
  31. ^ Carl Benedikt Frey, Michael A. Osborne: The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization? . In: Technological Forecasting and Social Change . 114, January 2017, ISSN  0040-1625 , pp. 254-280. doi : 10.1016 / j.techfore.2016.08.019 .
  32. ^ Morgan R. Frank, Lijun Sun, Manuel Cebrian, Hyejin Youn, Iyad Rahwan: Small cities face greater impact from automation . In: Journal of the Royal Society Interface . 15, No. 139, February 1, 2018, ISSN  1742-5689 , S. 20170946. doi : 10.1098 / rsif.2017.0946 . PMID 29436514 . PMC 5832739 (free full text).
personal data
SURNAME Rahwan, Iyad
ALTERNATIVE NAMES إياد رهوان (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Syrian-Australian scientist
DATE OF BIRTH 20th century
Place of death large scale and the social aspects of artificial intelligence has investigated