K-hole

K-hole (ketamine hole) is an expression in the drug scene for a condition after ingestion of ketamine , in which it comes to a dissociation of about 30 minutes . Here can ataxia , dysarthria , muscular hypertension and myoclonus occur. Outwardly, the condition often resembles unconsciousness.

The subjective experience of a K-Hole is different, reports include acoustic hallucinations , journeys through a dark tunnel, visions, as well as out-of-body and near-death experiences . A k-hole occurs especially when ketamine is taken at the same time as sedatives such as alcohol . In addition to being an unwanted side effect, the k-hole can also be the target of ketamine use. The risk of K-hole has been linked to increased ketamine use, especially in those who had consumed ketamine more than 20 times.

literature

HV Curran, L. Monaghan: In and out of the K-hole: a comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users. In: Addiction. Volume 96, number 5, May 2001, ISSN 0965-2140 , pp. 749-760, doi : 10.1080 / 09652140020039116 , PMID 11331033 .
CJ Morgan, L. Monaghan, HV Curran: Beyond the K-hole: a 3-year longitudinal investigation of the cognitive and subjective effects of ketamine in recreational users who have substantially reduced their use of the drug. In: Addiction. Volume 99, Number 11, November 2004, ISSN 0965-2140 , pp. 1450-1461, doi : 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00879.x , PMID 15500598 .
L. Muetzelfeldt, SK Kamboj, H. Rees, J. Taylor, CJ Morgan, HV Curran: Journey through the K-hole: phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. In: Drug and alcohol dependence. Volume 95, Number 3, June 2008, pp. 219-229, doi : 10.1016 / j.drugalcdep.2008.01.024 , PMID 18355990 .
F. Schifano, J. Corkery, A. Oyefeso, T. Tonia, AH Ghodse: Trapped in the "K-hole": overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993-2006). In: Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. Volume 28, Number 1, February 2008, pp. 114-116, doi : 10.1097 / JCP.0b013e3181612cdc , PMID 18204359 .

Individual evidence

↑ MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar (ed.): The MSD Manual of Diagnostics and Therapy. 7th edition. Urban & Fischer in Elsevier, Munich et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-437-21761-6 , p. 2066.
^ Lewis R. Goldfrank, Neal Flomenbaum, Mary Ann Howland, Robert S. Hoffman (eds.): Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. 8th edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York NY 2006, ISBN 0-07-143763-0 , p. 1236.
↑ Glen O. Gabbard: Gabbard's treatments of psychiatric disorders. 4th edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington DC 2007, ISBN 978-1-58562-216-0 , p. 278.
^ Richard Lawrence Miller: The Encyclopedia of addictive drugs. Greenwood, Westport CT et al. 2002, ISBN 0-313-31807-7 , p. 211.
↑ Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (UK): Ketamine: a review of use and harm , Report for the Home Secretary and the Minister of Health, London, December 10, 2013, (accessed October 13, 2015).

[1] MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Haar (ed.): The MSD Manual of Diagnostics and Therapy. 7th edition. Urban & Fischer in Elsevier, Munich et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-437-21761-6 , p. 2066.

[2] Lewis R. Goldfrank, Neal Flomenbaum, Mary Ann Howland, Robert S. Hoffman (eds.): Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. 8th edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York NY 2006, ISBN 0-07-143763-0 , p. 1236.

[3] Glen O. Gabbard: Gabbard's treatments of psychiatric disorders. 4th edition. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington DC 2007, ISBN 978-1-58562-216-0 , p. 278.

[4] Richard Lawrence Miller: The Encyclopedia of addictive drugs. Greenwood, Westport CT et al. 2002, ISBN 0-313-31807-7 , p. 211.

[ACMD-5] Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (UK): Ketamine: a review of use and harm , Report for the Home Secretary and the Minister of Health, London, December 10, 2013, (accessed October 13, 2015).