Knaus-Ogino contraceptive method
The Knaus-Ogino calculation method , also known as the calendar method or day counting , is a method of contraception or natural family planning . It is comparatively uncertain with regard to contraception, the Pearl Index is 9 or (according to another source, with optimal use) 3. With regard to the conception of a desired child, it is still part of the basic recommendations for couples.
Calculation of the fertile days according to Knaus-Ogino
The lifespan of the sperm in the vagina is only a few hours, in the cervix and uterus three, in exceptional cases up to seven days. The egg cell can be fertilized for up to twelve hours. To use the Knaus-Ogino contraceptive method, at least twelve consecutive menstrual cycles of a woman must be logged so that the expected ovulation and, based on this, the fertile and infertile days can be calculated. Unprotected sexual intercourse must not take place during the assumed fertile days. As a further prerequisite, the cycle must not be subject to major fluctuations and no stronger emotional or physical events may occur, as they can influence the duration of the cycle. According to Knaus-Ogino, the following estimate of fertility results:
- First fertile day = shortest previous cycle, minus 18 days
- Last fertile day = longest previous cycle, minus 11 days
Day 1 of a cycle is the first day of bleeding or menstruation.
A calculation example: If the shortest cycle lasted 26 and the longest cycle 32 days, day 8 results as the first and day 21 as the last possibly fertile day. Unprotected sexual intercourse would therefore only be possible between day 22 of the current cycle and day 7 of the next cycle if fertilization is to be avoided.
history
The method for determining the fertile and sterile days is named after the two gynecologists Kyusaku Ogino from Japan and Hermann Knaus from Austria , who developed it in different ways and independently of one another: Ogino used the opportunity to inspect the ovaries as part of gynecological operations. Knaus recognized the laws through physiological experiments. In fact, Ogino was earlier (1927), but initially only published in Japanese; his discoveries were therefore not known in Europe or America. Knaus presented his results for the first time at the gynecological congress in Leipzig in May 1928. Ogino, who developed the rhythm method to maximize the chances of conceiving when trying to conceive, expressly opposed contraception because the method was not reliable enough .
The method was introduced by Pope Pius XII. On October 29, 1951, in a speech to members of the Italian Catholic Midwifery Association , declared the only method of contraception tolerable. Although the basic purpose of marriage is the procreation of offspring and all contraceptive methods are therefore evil, this method can be accepted for serious reasons of a physical or emotional nature, since abstinence does not interfere with natural processes during the fertile period.
experience
The main deficiency of the method is that in practice ovulation cannot be predicted with sufficient accuracy and therefore the actual fertile days are not known with certainty. Colloquially, the Knaus-Ogino contraceptive method is sometimes referred to as Roman roulette or Catholic roulette because of its unreliability. The calendar method is no longer recommended for family planning today due to its unreliability.
Based on the Knaus-Ogino contraceptive method, the American gynecologist and long-time birth control activist Abraham Stone (1890–1959) developed a necklace for developing countries on behalf of the WHO in the early 1950s. Red pearls should mean "stop", so no sex because these are the "dangerous" days. Green pearls should signal that this day is "safe". However, the western experts did not know that in India sexual intercourse is only carried out in the dark. Since different colors did not work, they tried differently shaped pearls, which did not lead to the desired success, as many users said that they were protected from further pregnancies just by wearing the necklace.
The Austrian doctor Maria Hengstberger took up the idea of a birth control chain for women in the third world again in the late 1980s . Even illiterate women can in principle, after a short briefing, pursue family planning with the birth control chain and the Knaus-Ogino contraceptive method. However, there are no evidence-based studies on the success.
The more modern symptothermal method takes up the basic idea and refines the determination of ovulation by observing the basal temperature and changes in the cervical mucus . But it also requires a high degree of discipline and self-control and is therefore recommended at most for couples in already established relationships. So-called ovulation calculators, which are offered on various websites, are also based on the calculations of the Knaus-Ogino method.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Pearl Index. pro familia, accessed December 27, 2016 .
- ^ Manfred Stauber, Thomas Weyerstahl: Dual series of gynecology and obstetrics . Georg Thieme Verlag, October 10, 2007, ISBN 978-3-13-152603-8 , p. 415.
- ^ Focus report
- ^ Contraception Museum - Article
- ↑ Familienplanung.de
- ↑ Birth control chain
- ↑ Fertility Calculator ( Memento of the original from March 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Familienplanung.de - Knaus-Ogino-Method : The information portal of the Federal Center for Health Education (BZgA)
literature
- Susanne Krejsa MacManus, Christian Fiala: The detective of the fertile days - The story of the gynecologist Hermann Knaus (1892–1970), Verlagshaus der Ärzte, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3990521465 .
