Karagöz (magazine)

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Karagöz
Title page No. 1993 Karagöz
description magazine
Area of ​​Expertise satire
language Ottoman-Turkish
First edition 1908
attitude 1951
founder Ali Fuad Bey
Frequency of publication two times a week
Web link Karagöz

Karagöz ( Ottoman قره‌گوز; İA : Ḳaragöz ; German : "Schwarzauge") was an Ottoman-Turkish satirical magazine founded by Ali Fuad , which existed from 1908 to 1951 and was published twice a week in Istanbul .

Among the numerous humorous magazines that have been published since the pioneer “ Diyojen ” (1869), Karagöz clearly stands out with its publication duration of over 40 years. The extent of their historical and chronological documentation - from the Second Ottoman constitutional period, the First World War , the Turkish War of Independence to the establishment of the Turkish Republic  - is unique. Karagöz stood out from most of the other satirical magazines published during this period because of the quality of the texts and drawings. In contrast to the likewise qualitative, but only a few years published, modern, European-influenced and multilingual satirical magazines Kalem (1908-1911) and Cem (1910-1912), Karagöz was a tradition- oriented , exclusively Turkish-language magazine.

history

Caricature Mehmed Bahas about an Emperor Franz-Joseph suffering from the Ottoman economic boycott in Karagöz, 1908.

After the first boom in the founding of satirical magazines began in the Ottoman Empire in 1870 - around 20 had been founded by 1877, most of which had barely existed for a year - satirical magazines were banned on May 1, 1877. Until 1908 no more satirical magazines could be published. In 1908 the Ottoman constitution was reinstated and the publication of newspapers and magazines was permitted again. That same year Karagöz, named after the traditional Ottoman shadow play figure Karagöz , was founded. Alongside Kalem, it was the only one of the 34 satirical magazines founded that year that still existed in 1910 and beyond. In a very short-lived magazine market - 50 more satirical magazines were founded between 1909 and 1914, most of which also survived less than a year - Karagöz established itself as the only magazine due to the higher quality of the drawings and texts.

The first issue of Karagöz appeared on August 10, 1908. The magazine's founder, Ali Fuad Bey, is considered the first Turkish cartoonist and was the editor of numerous other magazines. In the early editions, all of the cartoons were by him, Mehmed Baha and Halil Naci. After Ali Fuad Bey's death in 1919, the post of editor-in-chief was taken over by the well-known journalist Mahmud Sadık. Fuad's sister and heiress Fatima sold the magazine in 1935 to the Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ("Republican People's Party").

The articles in the magazine were written in popular, easily understandable and humorous language. The numerous colored and black and white caricatures also offered a clear understanding of the political, social, economic and cultural events of that time. One issue consisted of four pages, the first of which was reserved for the dialogues between Karagöz and Hacivat ( Muhavere) and was devoted to daily politics and everyday problems. The popular editorials “Karagözs' Monologues” deal with the relationship between men and women, with the lifestyle and social circumstances of Istanbul women, as well as with women's debates in general. Later came the publication of poems and lyrics.

Presentation, style and design

One issue of the magazine cost 20 para - about twice as much as a daily newspaper of the time and about half as much as a kilogram of bread. The magazine measured 28 × 41 cm² and had four pages.

At the beginning of each issue, two caricatures appeared, one of them always on the front page. Later there were always two caricatures, one on the cover and one on the back. A common thread here was that Karagöz - alone or with his friend Hacivad - was often included in the caricature. More cartoons appeared during wartime.

Employee

In the first few years up to 1914, the following people were chief editors for a short time - usually two at the same time: Mahmud Nedim , Ali Haydar, Baha Tevfik, Aka Gündüz and M. Rif'at. In addition to the editors-in-chief, Ahmed Nebil, A. Rıfkı and the well-known journalist Mahmud Sadık also worked as authors of the magazine.

The directors of the company in the first years up to the First World War were Mustafa Halil, A. Sami - a brother of Mahmud Nedim - İsmail Neşat and Memduh Süleyman. Over the years, they were also involved in other satirical publications or literary.

The caricatures were drawn by Ali Fuad himself until November 1908. After that, until 1914, the caricatures came almost exclusively from Mehmed Baha († 1928) and Halid Naci (1875–1927). The other cartoonists, who only contributed to the magazine for a short period of time, were Mehmed Fazlî (February and May 1909), "Cemal" (May and June 1809), Necmeddin (October 1909) and D. Mazloum (March to May 1911).

literature

  • Satirical press in the Ottoman Empire. In: Tobias Heinzelmann: The Balkan Crisis in the Ottoman Caricature. The satirical magazines Karagöz, Kalem and Cem 1908–1914. Orient Institute of the German Oriental Society, Istanbul 1999, in commission Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-515-07604-2 , pp. 49–56.
  • D. Fatma Türe: F acts and Fantasies: Images of Istanbul Women in the 1920s . Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, pp. Xviii-xx.
  • Ilker Yaman: The First Turkish Cartoonist: Ali Fuad Bey . 2015, weloveist.com. Retrieved February 7, 2018.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Yaman Ilker: The First Turkish Cartoonist: Ali Fuad Bey. 2015, accessed February 7, 2018 .
  2. ^ A b Tobias Heinzelmann: The Balkan crisis in the Ottoman caricature. The satirical magazines Karagöz, Kalem and Cem 1908–1914. Orient Institute of the German Oriental Society, Istanbul 1999, in commission Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart, ISBN 3-515-07604-2 , pp. 49–51.
  3. ↑ Yaman Ilker: The First Turkish Cartoonist: Ali Fuad Bey. 2015, accessed February 7, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Tobias Heinzelmann: The Balkan Crisis in the Ottoman Caricature . Steiner, Stuttgart, p. 51 .
  5. ↑ D. Fatma Door: Facts and Fantasies: Images of Istanbul Women in the 1920s . Scholars Publishing, Cambridge, S. xvii-xx .
  6. ↑ Heinzelmann, p. 67 f .; after Karagöz No. 2086, March 14, 1928, p. 2.
  7. ↑ Heinzelmann, p. 66; according to Çeviker, 1988, pp. 114-115.