Small apartment issue

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House from 1908 for single low-income earners in Moscow

In the German-speaking countries from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the term small housing issue referred to the problem of a lack of affordable housing, especially closed small apartments in large cities. This period was marked by high unemployment and a lack of affordable housing, which particularly affected the poor to middle classes of the population in the cities. In particular, working-class and salaried families as numerically strongest but economically weaker groups were badly affected, because there was a lack of affordable small apartments with their own bathroom, separated from the common areas of the house. In many cases the simple population lived in so-called tenement houseswith communal sanitary facilities that were perceived as unhygienic or used a public bath or Tröpferlbad (in Austria).

The solution to the small apartment problem became a public task during the Weimar Republic by promoting housing construction. One solution was social housing . The public sector increasingly built apartments with their own bathing facility. The aim was to provide urgently needed small apartments for the poorer sections of the population.

Pioneering was Walter Gropius , who presented his concept of the high-rise apartment building during the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in Frankfurt in 1929 and subsequently in Brussels in 1930 .

"The big city must be positive, it needs the incentive of the self-developed, special form of living that corresponds to its living organism, which combines a relative maximum of air, sun and vegetation with a minimum of traffic routes and management costs."

- Walter Gropius : Presentation at the third CIAM conference 27. – 29. November 1930 in Brussels

In addition to the urban planning and architectural elaborations, Gropius also presented basic socio-political assumptions. Relief from housework is the prerequisite for personal independence, and accordingly, after the extended family is dissolved, the state must take on certain functions by organizing children's homes, schools, old people's homes and hospitals centrally.

literature

  • Felix Tripeloury : Is the heritable building right, according to its legal construction in the BGB, suitable for solving the small apartment problem? (Diss. Greifswald, 1912)
  • Bartmann, Peter: The heritable building right of the civil code as a means to solve the small apartment question. Frankfurt am Main, 1914
  • Magistrate of the City of Wiesbaden: Memorandum on the status of the small apartment issue, 1919
  • Adolf Zeller : The small apartment issue and its solution. Linenweber, 1919
  • Juan Rodríguez-Lores and Gerhard Fehl (eds.): The question of small apartments. On the origins of social housing in Europe. Christians, Hamburg, 1988, ISBN 3767210096
  • Renate Banik-Schweitzer: The question of small apartments in Vienna at the turn of the century. 1988

Individual evidence

  1. ^ [1] Urban growth, industrialization, social change, volumes 156–158, edited by Peter Borscheid, Hans Jürgen Teuteberg, p. 111
  2. ↑ Jutta Allmendinger and Wolfgang Ludwig-Mayerhofer : Sociology of the welfare state: social foundations, historical contexts and current development tendencies (basic sociological texts) , Beltz Juventa , 1999, p. 172 [2]
  3. ↑ Wischermann, Clemens 1985: Family-friendly living. In: Teuteberg, HJ (ed.), Homo habitans. On the social history of rural and urban living in modern times, Münster: Coppenrath, pp. 169–198
  4. ↑ The housing reform of the 1920s, Chapter 1.1. The locked apartment
  5. ↑ Adelheid von Saldern : "At home at my stove ..." The culture of living, in: August Nitschke / Gerhard A. Ritter / Detlev JK Peukert / Rüdiger vom Bruch (eds.), Turn of the century. The departure into modernity 1880–1930, vol. 2, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1990, p. 55
  6. ↑ Quality of open space instead of green space Prof. Dr. Maria Spitthöver , Chapter Light, Air and Sun - Open Spaces in Apartment Buildings of the Twenties , University of Kassel , 2002, p. 29
  7. ↑ Hildegard Schroeteler von Brandt: Stadtbau- und Urbanplanungsgeschichte: An introduction , Kohlhammer, 2008, ISBN 978-3170188648 , p. 138 [3]
  8. ↑ New building for new people? Planning of city administrations and appropriation by residents in social housing of the 1920s ( memento from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) foev-speyer.de in wayback.archive
  9. ↑ Juan Rodríguez-Lores and Gerhard Fehl (eds.): The question of small apartments. On the origins of social housing in Europe. Christians, Hamburg, 1988, ISBN 3767210096
  10. ↑ Living now and 80 years ago , p. 130, jdzb.de
  11. ↑ Klaus Kramer: The private house bathroom 1850-1950: And the development of the sanitary trade , ISBN 978-3980587402 , p. 73 [4]
  12. ↑ Manuscript of the Bauhaus Archive, Berlin; quoted from: Reginald R. Isaacs: Walter Gropius. Man and his work. Volume 2 / I, Ullstein Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-548-27544-3 , p. 544.
  13. ↑ Manuscript of the Bauhaus Archive, Berlin; quoted from: Reginald R. Isaacs: Walter Gropius. Man and his work. Volume 2 / I, Ullstein Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-548-27544-3 , p. 544.
  14. ^ Walter Gropius: common rooms in the high-rise apartment building. In: Modern designs. Book VIII, 1931; quoted from: Günther Uhlig: collective model kitchen house. Housing reform and architectural debate between the women's movement and functionalism 1900–1933. Giessen 1981, p. 134.