Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne
The Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) (German: Internationale Kongresse Moderner Architektur ) were a series of congresses for architects and urban planners that took place from 1928 to 1959 and functioned as a think tank on a wide variety of topics in architecture and urban planning.
overview
The 20th century dealt with numerous manifestos on the subject of contemporary architecture and urban planning. Internationally renowned architects in the CIAM group made a significant contribution to the exchange of ideas . 28 European architects founded on Chateau de la Sarraz in Switzerland La Sarraz near Lausanne in June 1928. Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM). The initiators were Le Corbusier supported by Hélène de Mandrot , the owner of the castle, Gabriel Guévrékian and the art historian Sigfried Giedion , the first general secretary of the CIAM. Giedion also suggested the foundation of the MARS group in Great Britain, which was formed in February 1933 as a branch of CIAM.
The other founding members were Walter Gropius , Karl Moser (founding president of CIAM), Uno Åhrén , Hendrik Berlage , Victor Bourgeois , Pierre Chareau , Josef Frank , Gabriel Guevrekian , Max Ernst Haefeli , Hugo Häring , Arnold Hoechel , Huib Hoste , Pierre Jeanneret , André Lurçat , Ernst May , Max Cetto , Fernando García Mercadal, Hannes Meyer , Werner Max Moser , Carlo Enrico Rava, Gerrit Rietveld , Alberto Sartoris, Hans Schmidt , Mart Stam , Rudolf Steiger , Henri-Robert von der Mühll and Juan de Zavala.
Later members included Alvar Aalto , Ernesto N. Rogers , Sverre Fehn , Cornelis van Eesteren and Max Bill .
meaning
The urbanistic models of CIAM understand urban planning less as a further development of historical cities, but as a comprehensive, rationally planned new building. The city should be divided into functional areas such as living, work, recreation and traffic. Older cities are to be disentangled in their functions accordingly. The members of the CIAM criticized the academic design principles, in particular the Beaux Arts architecture , as well as the architecture and urban planning of historicism . You advocate modernist architectural trends such as New Building or New Objectivity .
Le Corbusier put together the program for the founding conference. Karl Moser was the first chairman. The various groups of countries in the European states were represented by delegates from CIRPAC - “Comité International pour la Réalisation des Problèmes d'Architecture Contemporaine”.
The founding declaration from CIAM I in the summer of 1928 contained the following central statements:
- Building is an elementary human activity
- Architecture should express the spirit of an era
- The transformation of the social and economic structure requires a corresponding transformation of the architecture
- Architecture has an economic and sociological task in the service of people
From the CIAM conference in 1933, the Athens Charter for Future Urban Development developed. The CIAM had a lasting effect. The last CIAM congress organized by Team X in Otterloo in 1959 is also seen as the birth of “structuralist thinking” in architecture and urban planning ( structuralism ).
criticism
Since the 1970s, the urban planning doctrine of the CIAM has been increasingly criticized by representatives of contextual building, who propagated a renewal and further development of the historic city on their own (starting with Team 10 , later e.g. Aldo Rossi , Josef Paul Kleihues ).
An overarching theme in urban planning today is New Urbanism , which can also be seen as a sharp criticism of the Athens Charter. After recognizing the structural flaws of the loosened settlements (or satellite towns ) that have arisen especially since the modern age and the Athens Charter , this urbanism movement has led to the rediscovery of block perimeter development and mixed use of quarters and thus urban density since the 1980s . According to this, this type of urban development, which was previously lamented by the settlement planners, supports the advantages of urban life, in connection with a healthy social and economic mix and considerable savings in resources (travel routes, heating costs, infrastructure costs, etc.) compared to the lavish settlements.
Conferences
- 1928: CIAM I, La Sarraz , Switzerland - Constitution of the CIRPAC (Comité International pour la Réalisation du Problème Architectural Contemporain)
- 1929: CIAM II, Frankfurt am Main - “The apartment for the subsistence level” - adoption of the Frankfurt statutes (congresses as general assembly, CIRPAC as problem-solving committee, three working groups). Formation of national sections. Ernst May chaired it
- 1930: CIAM III, Brussels - "Rational building methods" - dealing with the problem of real estate procurement
- 1933: CIAM IV, on board the Patris between Marseille and Athens - “The Functional City” (originally “The Functional City”). It was also here that the now famous Athens Charter was adopted.
- 1937: CIAM V, Paris - "Apartment and Recreation"
- 1947: CIAM VI, Bridgwater , England - "Rebuilding the Cities"
- 1949: CIAM VII, Bergamo - "Art and Architecture"
- 1951: CIAM VIII, Hoddesdon , England - The Heart of the City - Examination of the functions of the city center previously neglected by the CIAM
- 1953: CIAM IX, Aix-en-Provence - "Habitat"
- 1956: CIAM X, Dubrovnik - "Habitat" - challenge by the younger group of architects Team X
- 1959: CIAM XI, Otterlo , organized by Team X, then dissolution of CIAM
literature
- Martin Steinmann (Ed.): CIAM. International congresses for new building. Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne. Documents 1928-1939. Birkhäuser, Basel 1979, ISBN 3-7643-1022-7 . Table of contents (DNB)
- Eric Mumford: The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism, 1928-1960. Sept. 2002, ISBN 0-262-63263-2 .
- Dario Matteoni (ed.): The Last CIAMs. CIPIA, Bologna 1992, ISBN 88-85322-10-7 .
- Helen Barr (ed.): Neues Wohnen 1929-2009, Frankfurt and the 2nd Congres International d'Architecture Moderne. JOVIS Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86859-084-5 .
- Konstanze Sylva Domhardt: The Heart of the City. The city in the transatlantic debates of the CIAM 1933–1951. gta Verlag, Zurich 2012, ISBN 978-3-85676-277-3 .
- Atlas of the Functional City. CIAM 4 and Comparative Urban Analysis. Edited by the EFL Foundation and the gta archive of the ETH Zurich. Thoth, Bussum and gta Verlag, Zurich 2015, ISBN 978-3-85676-338-1 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Charter of New Urbanism - German translation of the Engl. Charter of the New Urbanism