Collaborative robot

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Air cobot ; a collaborative robot that assists in the inspection of aircraft.

As a collaborative robot or short Cobot (from the English: collaborative robot ) is an industrial robot called working together with people and is in the production process not separated by guards of these.

Emergence

The first cobots were developed in 1996 by James Edward Colgate and Michael A. Peshkin, two professors at Northwestern University in the United States . In a patent from 1997, cobots are described as follows:

"An apparatus and method for direct physical interaction between a person and a general purpose manipulator controlled by a computer"

"An apparatus and method for direct physical interaction between a person and a general purpose manipulator controlled by a computer."

- James E. Colgate and Michael A. Peshkin

It was developed as part of a research project funded by the General Motors Foundation with the aim of making robots safe enough to allow them to interact with workers.

properties

Thanks to sensors, collaborative robots (cobots) can interact directly with people.

The specialty of collaborative robots is that they can work in close proximity to people and together with them. This assumes that the robots cannot cause injuries to humans. Fences and other protective devices are then no longer necessary because the robots have their own sensors that prevent injuries to human employees. The robots switch off automatically when they touch an obstacle.

The first cobots ensured the safety of the workers by not being able to move independently. Instead, the movements were led by the human worker. The cobot could have a controlling effect on the movement, for example by changing the direction of movement. Later cobots were also capable of their own self-controlled movements. The robots operated in this way can theoretically perform much faster movements, but are limited to a minimum of their ability in collaborative operation, since the focus is on human safety. If it is too dangerous to work with people, for example when handling sharp or pointed objects or when doing screwing, collaborative robots are also used as pure lightweight robots in separate areas.

Safety and health

When the relevant standards for industrial robots were revised, the new field of application of collaborative robots was also created. The standards ISO 10218, parts 1 and 2 and ISO / TS 15066 define the safety requirements for the robots. The collaborative robot defined in the standards also includes the tool that is attached to the robot arm and the objects moved with it. The close or direct contact between the collaborating robot and the working person inevitably results in collision possibilities. The robot manufacturer's risk assessment must therefore include the intended operational workplace. In addition to the Machinery Directive, the basis for this risk assessment is the EN ISO 10218 standard, parts 1 and 2.

Manufacturer

Cobotics has been building cobots since 2002.

The German robot pioneer KUKA sold the first computer-controlled cobots (KUKA LBR 3) in 2004, which were developed in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center . In 2008, KUKA launched the successor LBR 4, and finally the Cobot LBR iiwa in 2013.

Universal Robots released the first proprietary cobot, the UR5, in 2008. In 2012, a slightly larger model appeared with the UR10 and in 2015 the smaller UR3.

The company Rethink Robotics has been selling the Cobot Sawyer and the software Intera since 2012 (part of the Hahn Group since 2018). Other models are the Fanuc CR-35iA, the Bosch APAS assistant, the ABB YuMi and the Hanover-based Yuanda Robotics GmbH.

Doosan Robotics, part of the Doosan Group , has been offering cobots since 2017.

The German company Franka Emika, based in Munich, has been building collaborative robots since 2017.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rachel Emma Silverman: The Words of Tomorrow . January 1, 2000 (English, online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  2. ↑ Michael A. Peshkin: Cobots: Robots for collaboration with people . (English, online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  3. ^ Jon Van: Mechanical Advantage . In: Chicago Tribune . December 11, 1996 ( online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  4. ↑ James Edward Colgate, Michael A. Peshkin: Cobots, US Patent: US 5952796 A . September 14, 1999 ( online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  5. ↑ John Teresko: Here Come the Cobots! In: IndustryWeek . December 21, 2004 (English, online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  6. ↑ bosch-apas.com APAS assistant product details. In: www.bosch-apas.com. Retrieved April 22, 2016 .
  7. ↑ MA Peshkin, JE Colgate, Witaya Wannasuphoprasit: architecture Cobot . In: IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation . tape 17 , no. 4 , 2002, p. 377-390 , doi : 10.1109 / 70.954751 (English).
  8. ↑ Kagan Pittman: A History of Collaborative Robots: From Intelligent Lift Assists to Cobots . In: Engineering.com . October 28, 2016 (English, online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  9. ↑ Hanover Fair : Collaborative robots everywhere. heise.de, accessed on March 2, 2017 .
  10. ↑ ISO 10218-1: 2011 Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 1: Robots. International Organization for Standardization
  11. ↑ ISO 10218-2: 2011 Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 2: Robot systems and integration. International Organization for Standardization
  12. ↑ ISO / TS 15066: 2016 Robots and robotic devices - Collaborative robots. International Organization for Standardization
  13. ^ J. Edward Colgate, Michael Peshkin: Intelligent Assist Devices . (English, online [PDF; accessed on November 18, 2016]).
  14. ↑ DLR LBR III. Institute for Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, accessed on November 18, 2016 .
  15. ^ History of the LBR. Institute for Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, accessed on March 18, 2018 .
  16. ↑ LBR iiwa. (No longer available online.) KUKA AG, archived from the original on October 11, 2014 ; accessed on November 18, 2016 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kuka-lbr-iiwa.com
  17. ↑ Kagan Pittman: Infographic: A Brief History of Collaborative Robots . In: Engineering.com . May 19, 2016 (English, online [accessed November 18, 2016]).
  18. ↑ UR10 robot: A collaborative industrial robot. Universal Robots, accessed November 18, 2016 .
  19. ↑ RETHINK ROBOTICS MEETS GERMAN ENGINEERING. Retrieved June 18, 2019 .
  20. ↑ After bankruptcy: Hahn Group continues Rethink's cobot technology and software Cobot hit: Hahn buys robot technology from Rethink. October 25, 2018, accessed on June 18, 2019 (German).
  21. ↑ Intera Software Platform for Industrial Automation. Retrieved June 18, 2019 .
  22. ↑ L. e Silva, T., Tennakoon, M. Marques, A. Djuric: Baxter Kinematic Modeling, Validation and Reconfigurable Representation . In: SAE Technical Paper . 2016, doi : 10.4271 / 2016-01-0334 (English).
  23. ^ APAS assistant. Robert Bosch GmbH, accessed on March 28, 2017 .
  24. ↑ 두산 로보틱스. Retrieved October 10, 2018 (American English).
  25. ^ Franka Emika GmbH: Franka Emika. Accessed January 2, 2020 (German).

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