Kremser Ketubba
The Kremser Ketubba is a marriage certificate from the year 1391/92 and the earliest Ashkenazi Ketubba and the first with figurative representations . The Aramaic text is quite formulaic with individualized sums, names and places of residence.
details
It is located in the Austrian National Library (Cod. Hebr. 218) and has been completely preserved except for the cut-out central cross. With the Aramaic form, which was written on parchment, she records the wedding agreement between the groom Shalom bar Menachem and the bride Zemach asked Aharon. The day and month, as well as the first letter of the place, have been cut out so that only four letters remain: "RIMS". Nonetheless, the exhibition site was identified as Krems . The first witness was Isaac bar Gamliel, the second was cut out. Before it was replaced, the two upper parts of the cut ketubah served as mirror sheets for the theological collective manuscript created in 1434 and owned by Thomas Ebendorfers.
The groom is clearly recognizable as a Jew with his beard and Jewish hat . He wears a splendid and precious fur cloak and holds a large wedding ring towards the bride. The wedding ring is adorned with a small Gothic house, as was customary at the time, a find near Erfurt testifies to this (see → Jewish wedding ring from Erfurt .) The woman makes herself recognizable as a bride through her crown. In her left hand she holds a flower, which probably symbolizes the German translation of her name (Zemach = sprout / plant).
The bride, Zemach asked Aharon.
The groom, shalom bar Menachem.
Text excerpt from the bottom left
Text excerpt from the bottom right
The text is framed by a black opaque color border, the upper parts of the vertical leading strips are strongly emphasized by the figures of the bride and groom. The oversized figures are wrapped in simply falling coats. The base of the border is covered by a floral tendril. The general style is typical for the late 14th century, but not for the Austrian style, Bohemian influences are strongly represented here. The posture of the bride's left arm was changed during the painting process. In the preliminary drawing, she held it so that it was below the border. The bright colors of the painting obviously could not completely cover the dark ground of the border all the time, so that the current condition shows the forearm and hand darkened and deforms them. The border was probably painted before that of the figures.
Ketubbot are usually decorated without elaborate jewelry in the Middle Ages. No other Ketubbot of this kind has appeared so far, and the one from Krems has nothing in common with 30 preserved Spanish Ketubbots.
Text and translation
Source:
Explanation of symbols:
- [!] Deviating from the form
- [! ...] Text from the form is missing in the ketubba
- (?) Text cannot be reconstructed
" בששי בשבת בחמשה ימים [לחדש (?) שנת חמש] ת אלפים ומאה וחמשים ושתים לבריאת עולם למ [נין שאנו מונין כאן בק] רימש ר ר ל 'ל' ו 'תאל' הוי לי לאנתו כדת משה וישראל ואנא אפלח ואוק [יר ואיזון ואפרנס יתיכי ליכי כ] הלכת [!] גוברין יהודאין דפלחין ומוקרין וזנין ומפר [נסין לנשיהון בקושטא ו] יהבנא [!] ליכי מהר בתוליכי כסף זוזי מאתן דחזו [!] ליכי מ [ דאורייתא ומזוניכי וכסות] יכי וספוקיכי]! [ומיעל לותיכי כארח [!] כל ארעא וצביאת [בתולתא דא [!] מרת צמח] בת ר 'אהרן והות ליה לאנתו ודין נדוניא דה נעל [ת ליה מבי אבוה בין בכסף] בין בזהב בין בתכשיטין בין [!] במאני דלבושא בין [!] בש [ימושי דירה ובשימושא] דערסא הכל קבל עליו [!]
[ר 'שלום ב'ר' מנחם חתן דנן (?) וצבי ר 'שלום ב'ר' מנחם חתן דנן והוסיף לה מן דיריה עוד (?) אחרים כנגדן סך הכל (?) זקוקקו כסף]'ו שול [כךשו ף] ב'ר 'מנחם חתן דנן אחריות] שטר כתובתא דא ונדוניא]! [דין ותוספתא דא קבלית עלי [ועל ירתי בתראי להתפ] ירע מן [!] ימקנו י ימקנו י י י י י י ו י י ו י י י ו י י ו י י ו י י י ו י ו י י י [!] נכסין דאית להון אחריות ודלית להון אחריות [כלהון יהון א חראין וע] רבאין למפרע [!] מנהון שטר כתובתא דא ונדוניא דין [!] ותוס [פתא דא מנאי ואפילו] מן גלימא דעל כתפאי בחיי ובמותא [!] מן יומא דנן ולעלם [ואחריות וחומר שטר כתובת] א דא ונדוניא דין [!] ותוספתא]!… [דא קבל עליו ר 'שלו [ם ב'בר' מנחם חתן וי י וי עשי וי י וי [ דלא] כאסמכתא ודלא כטופסי דשטרי וקנינא מן ר 'שלום ח [תן דנן לח] דא בתולתא מרת צמח בת ר' אהרן [!] בכל מבה ד [כתוב ומפו לי] .ל ומנאוש לעי
[!] שריר וקים [! ...]
יצחק ב'ר 'גמליאל ז "צ"ל [! ...]
[...] "
In German:
“ On the 6th day of the week, on the 5th day [of the month (?) Of the year] 5152 (1391/92) after the creation of the world, according to [the time calculation that we count here in the city of K] rems, as Lord Shalom, son of Lord Menachem, to whom [the virgin Zemach, daughter of Lord Aron] said: Be my wife according to the law of Moshe and Israel, and I will work for you, [honor you, feed you and provide according to the] custom of Jewish men who work for, honor, feed, and [honestly provide] for their wives. And I will give you the bride price of your virginity, 200 sus silver, which is due to you according to [the Torah, as well as your food, your clothing] and all your needs, and I will come to you in the manner of the whole world. And she consented, [the maiden Zemach, daughter of] Lord Aron, and became his wife. And the dowry which she brought him [from her father's house, be it in silver], be it in gold, be it in jewelry, clothing, [furniture or bedding, all that] [Lord Shalom, son of Menachem, who Groom, with (amount and currency?). And he has agreed, Mr. Shalom, son of Mr. Menachem, the bridegroom, to add more (amount and currency?) To her, so that the total amount (unknown number silver marks?)] Is purified. And so said Mr. Shalom, the bridegroom: I take [responsibility for this] contract of the ketubah, the dowry and the additional payment, both for myself [and for my heirs after me, so that they should be paid] with the most excellent and best part of my wealth and possessions that I have under [all heaven that I have acquired or will acquire]. Property that is or is not my responsibility [all of which is intended to guarantee and] vouch for the contract of the ketubah, the dowry and [additional payment from me], and even the cloak on my shoulders , in my lifetime and after my death, from that day on forever. [And the responsibility and the seriousness of the contract of the ketubah], the dowry and the additional sum, Mr. Shalom, [son of Mr. Menachem, the bridegroom, according to the seriousness] of all contracts of the ketubot (missing: and additional payments) as they are in use with the daughters of Israel and which were carried out [according to the order of our sages, their memory be a blessing], not as a non-binding promise or as a document form. And we have from Mr. Shalom, son of Mr. Menachem, [the bridegroom, for the virgin] Mrs. Zemach, daughter of Aron, by means of an item of clothing that is ritually suitable for everything [that is written and explained above] a legally binding acquisition by coat grip (kinjan) carried out.
(Missing: And everything is) Fixed and legally valid (letters drawn across the entire line).
Izchak, son of Lord Gamliel, the memory of the righteous as a blessing. "
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Eveline Brugger: Community and Culture / Herbean Sources; in: History of the Jews in Austria . S. 35-36 .
- ^ Archives for diplomacy, history of writing, seals and heraldry ; p. 404f.
- ↑ https://fedora.e-book.fwf.ac.at/fedora/objects/o:1229/methods/bdef:Content/download ; Brugger, Wiedl, Regesten 4, 2018, pp. 104–206, No. 2007 (with text print and translation).