List of strong verbs (German language)
This is a list of the New High German strong verbs , i.e. those whose forms differ from one another in part in the stem vowel (cf. Ablaut ).
The rough classification is based on the pattern of historical ablaut classes, which are, however, subdivided into the subclasses that exist today.
introduction
Four basic forms are given:
-
Infinitive present tense , same stem as:
- participle I
- Subjunctive I.
- 1st person singular & 1st / 2nd / 3rd Person plural indicative
- 2nd person singular imperative present tense (except in the 2nd – 5th ablaut class)
- 2nd person plural imperative present tense
-
3rd person singular present indicative , same stem as:
- 2nd person singular present indicative
- 2nd person singular imperative present tense (in the 2nd – 5th ablaut class)
-
1st / 3rd Person singular indicative past tense , same stem as:
- in the whole past tense
- in the subjunctive II if possible umgelautetem vowel, even in the difficult to classify verbs in the last part of the list; clearly weak verbs are not used; before the dental suffix -t in a conjunctive can -e- inserted are
- participle II
The following table shows which of the listed stems (1–4), which verb form is the basis for formation, the forms below are shown in bold:
infinitive | Tense | participle | mode | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 2. | 3. | 1. | 2. | 3. | ||||
1 | Present | 1 | indicative | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
conjunctive | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
imperative | 1 (2) | 1 | |||||||
preterite | 4th | indicative | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
conjunctive | 3̈ | 3̈ | 3̈ | 3̈ | 3̈ | 3̈ |
Deviating formations are also listed, but usually forms that differ only by an -e- or -et in an unstressed syllable are not listed, e.g. B. go / go, braid / braid; In general, the rule applies that in verb forms with a stem vowel deviating from the infinitive an -e- can always be omitted or inserted in the last syllable, if it is not followed by the dental suffix : Schleußet / Schleußt, lädst / lädest; if this -e- stands between two -s- or between -ß- and -s-, the second of these consonants is suppressed when such a removal takes place : reads / reads, pushes / pushes; the infinitive and the strong participle II can (except for do and sein) always start with a syllable -en or -et: stand / stand, corrupt / corrupt; In poetic language, further abbreviations or insertions are possible.
Verb forms in square brackets mark forms that deviate from the educational scheme (mostly weak formations). Note that the following lists contain some words that differ from standard German !
1. Ablaut class: ei - i (e) - i (e)
ei - ie - ie
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
stay | remains | stayed | stayed / ( obsolete: stayed) | ||
also omit : remain |
is omitted | did not occur | did not occur | ||
stay up also: off, on, off, together, there, with, on, on, in, on, on, in, far, away, lying, over , away, too, back, stay together |
stay up | stayed up | stayed up | ||
thrive | thrives | thrived | thrived | formerly with grammatical change : still as adj .: solid | |
adorn | thrives on | thrived | attached | ||
lend | borrows | borrowed | borrowed | ||
lend also: borrow , lend |
loaned | lent | loan | ||
borrow | borrows | borrowed | borrowed | ||
avoid | avoids | avoided | avoided | ||
avoid | avoids | avoided | avoided | ||
[ praise ] | [praises] | pries / ( obsolete: [praises]) | praised / ( obsolete: [priced]) | ||
[ Praise ] as: high prices |
[praises] | praised | touted | ||
[ praises ] | ( unw .: [praise] / [praise praise]) | ( unw .: [praise] / praised lob) | [praised] / praised | ||
rub | rubs | rubbed | rubbed | ||
rub in the same way: rub, grind |
rubs | rubbed | rubbed | ||
rub down as well: on‑, on‑, over‑, in‑, over‑, through‑, in‑, after‑, in‑, dry‑, rubbing past |
rubs off | rubbed off | rubbed off | ||
rows | lines up | rieh | moved | 'Certain way of sewing' | |
divorce | part | divorced | divorced | actually with former perfect duplication , see 7th grade | |
modest also: ent-, under-, differing (still as adj .: modest ) |
humble | decided | decided | ||
depart also: depart, depart, depart |
separates | said goodbye | deposited | ||
seem to be | seems | seemed / ( rarely: [seemed]) | appeared / ( rarely: [appeared]) | ||
also shine : appear |
shines | shamed | illuminated | ||
also appear : on it, on it, on it, in it, through, down, up, up, in |
appears | appeared on | appeared | ||
[ snow ] / [ snow ] | [snowing] / [snowing] | snow / [snow] / [snow] | [snowed] / [snowed] / snowed | ||
[ Artificial snow ] / [ beschneen ] as: [verschneen] / [-schneien] |
[snowed] / [snowed] | snowed / [snowed] / [snowed] | [snowed] / [snowed] / snowed | ||
[ In Schneen ] / [ must come home ] as: [purely Schneen] / [-schneien] |
[snowing] / [snowing in] | snows / [snowed] / [snowed] in | [snowed in] / [snowed in] / snowed in | ||
write | writes | wrote | written | ||
also describe : over-, around-, under-, prescribing |
describes | described | described | ||
also write down : on-, on-, off-, therefore-, next-, on-, on-, above-, below-, on-, on-, on-, above-, underneath-, one-, large- , well‑, out‑, down‑, small‑, sick‑, with‑, after‑, down‑, out‑, in‑, beautiful‑, around‑, one another-, full‑, before‑, further‑, to -, write back - together |
copy | copied | written off | ||
scream | screams | screamed | screamed | ||
scream also: scream |
cries out | described | shouted at | ||
also yell at : up, out, in, in, against, down, up, out, in, around, down, out, go, down, up, out , in, around, down, back, screaming together |
yells at | yelled at | yelled at | ||
remain silent | is silent | was silent | kept silent | ||
geschweigen well: silent |
to say nothing | kept silent | kept silent | ||
to keep silent as well: to be silent, to be silent |
is silent | kept silent | kept silent | ||
but faktitiv weak: [ mention ] / [ geschweigen ] | [silent] / [silent] | [kept silent] / [kept silent] | [silent] | ||
spit | spits | spit / [speite] | spit / [spit] | ||
spit also: spit on |
spanked | spit / [spit] | spit / [spit] | ||
also spit on : spit out, into, thrown in, in, in, spit in |
spits on | spat / [speite] | spat at / [spat at] | ||
[ dine ] | [feeds] | spies / [dined] | [fed] / fed | ||
[ eat ] | [eaten] | verspies / [eaten] | [eaten] / fed | ||
[to feed ] also: to feed |
[feeds off] | fished off / [fished off] | [fed] / fished off | ||
climb | increases | rose | gone up | ||
also climb : descend, over-, ascend (oneself) |
mounts | mounted | climbed | ||
descend as well: climb up, up, out, in, above, below, in, above, below, in, up, against, down, up, out, around. , down‑, out‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, down‑, away‑, up‑, after‑, up‑, out‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, to‑ get‑ back |
descends | descended | descended | ||
float | drives | drove | driven | ||
operate in the same way: through, behind, over, under, sell |
operates | business | operated | ||
abortion as well: Toggle, up, off, dahin-, davon-, through, turn, entgegen-, advanced, manufacturers, downgrades, up-, challenges, herbei- above, around, down- , out‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, forward, forward, past -, past‑, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, to pull together |
drives off | drifted off | aborted | ||
[ show ] | [shows] | pointed / ( obsolete: [pointed]) | used / ( obsolete: [used]) | ||
[ prove ] also: he-, over-, under-, referring |
[proves] | proved | proven | ||
[ reject ] also: to-, up-, out-, there-, there-, in-, away-, here-, here-, there-, after-, for-, away-, further-, to-, correct-, reject |
[rejects] | refused | rejected | ||
draw | draws | pull / [pull] | pulled | formerly with grammatical change | |
forgive as well: forgive |
pardons | related / [assigned] | Respectively |
ei / ö - i - i
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bite | bites | bite | bitten | ||
bite as well: bite |
bitter | dogged | dogged | ||
Bite off as well: on-, on-, off-, on-, in-, on-, in-, through-, firmly- out-, around-, in-, loose-, out-, in-, around- , dead, to, back, bite together |
bites off | bit off | bitten off | ||
bleaching | bleaches | usually | bleached | ||
pale as well: fade |
pale | hereditary | hereditary | ||
bleach | fades | pale from | faded | ||
but weak: [ bleach ] | [bleaches] | [bleached] | [bleached] | Factual : 'make pale' | |
[ fade ] | [fades] | [faded] | [faded] | ||
same | equals | equal / ( obsolete: [equal]) | equalized / ( outdated .: [equalized]) | Intransitive | |
settle as well: compare |
settled | settled | settled | ||
adjust also: adjust, balance |
aligns | matched | matched | ||
but factually ('do the same', especially craftsmanship) mostly weak: [ same ] | [equals] | [equal] | [equal] | ||
slide | slides | slid / [slid] | slid / [slid] | ||
slip away | slips away | slipped / [slipped] | slipped away / [slipped away] | ||
slide down as well: slide out , along, down, down |
slides off | slipped / [slid] off | slipped / [slipped] | ||
to grab | engages | Handle | seized | ||
understand likewise: er-, um-, attack (oneself) |
understand | term | understood | ||
tap as: Toggle, up, off, daneben-, darein-, drein-, through, mono-, miscarriage, downgrades, up-, challenges, departures, hinab-, ascend, hinaus- to reach into, into one another, over, forward, too, back |
picks up | picked up | tapped | ||
misappropriating | misguided | mistake | missed | ||
nag | nags | kiff / kief / [barked] | [kicked] / weeded / kicked | ||
nip off | grabs | kiff / [barked] | [pecked] / popped | ||
pinch | pinches | pinched | pinched | ||
hold back | pinches | pinched | pinched | ||
pinch off as well: pinch into it, into it, into it, into it, shut it up |
pinches off | pinched off | pinched off | ||
pubs | pinches | snap / [snap] | pinched / [pinched] | ||
Pinch off as well: into it, into it, into it, into it, pinch it together |
picks up | snap / [snap] off | cut off / [cut off] | ||
to tear | wriggles | kriss / [wrinkled] | [torn] / ( obsolete : torn) | ||
crook / screech | cries / screeches | krisch / [screeched] | screeched / [screeched] | ||
but in fact only weak: [ crook ] / [ shriek ] | [screeching] / [screeching] | [screeched] / [screeched] | [crooked] / [screeched] | ||
[ abkröschen ] / [ abkröschen ] | [screeches] / [screeches off] | [screeched] / [screeched] | [screeched] / [screeched] | ||
Suffer | suffers | suffered | suffered | with grammatical alternation | |
suffer also: suffer |
suffered | suffered | suffered | ||
pity | suffers with | suffered with | along with it | ||
but weak: [to spoil ] | [spoiled] | [disgraced] | [spoiled] | ||
Pipes | whistles | whistle / ( singular: [whistle]) | whistled / ( isolated: [whistled]) | ||
whistle | whistled | whistled | whistled | ||
whistle as well: whistle to , off, go, with, after, back, whistle together |
whistles | whistled | whistled | ||
tear | rips | crack | cracked | ||
snatch as: over-, environmentally, comparable, tear |
snatches | snatched away | snatched away | ||
also tear off : on, up, out, apart, in, in, in, in half, away, down, out, in, over, around, down, over , down‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, up‑, go‑, with‑, down‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, away‑, back -, stay calm |
rips off | ripped off | tore off | ||
horse riding | rode | ride | ridden | ||
ride out as well: out‑, against‑, therefore‑, over‑, over‑, away‑, over‑, against‑, away‑ up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, coming‑ in‑ , over‑, around‑, down‑, out‑, home‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, in‑, up‑, go‑, with -, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, forward, past‑, away‑, on‑, to‑ ride, back |
rides off | rode off | ridden | ||
shit | craps | shit | shit | ||
shit as well: shit |
shit | crappy | crappy | ||
shit off | shit off | fucking off | shit | ||
also shit : shit off, down, full, shit together |
shits at | shit | pissed off | ||
to sneak | sneaks | crept | crept | ||
to creep in as well: to creep around |
creeps up | crept up | creeping up | ||
creeping up (oneself) likewise: there-, away-, in-, towards-, approach-, out-, in-, around-, out-, in-, after-, approach-, out-, in-, around- , around-, sneak away |
sneaks up on | crept up to | crept up | ||
grind | grinds | cut | ground | ||
grind | looped | sanded | sanded | ||
grinding as well: grinding in, fine grinding |
grinds | sanded off | sanded off | ||
wear | wears | shut up | worn out | Intransitive | |
wear out as well: wear out |
wears out | worn out | worn | Intransitive | |
but: [ wear ] | [wears] | [wore] / wore | [worn] / worn | Factitive | |
throw | throws | threw | thrown | also in the meaning of 'shit' , cf. below | |
to throw at well: in pieces |
cheated | humiliated | shit | ||
also throw at : against-, in-, against-, up-, in-, out-, out-, up-, out-, in-, after-, up-, out-, in-, around-, away- to throw back together |
kick off | kicked off | kicked | ||
but weak: [ throw ] | [throws] | [threw] | [thrown] | of insects : ' lay eggs ', from wild hunterspr. also: 'shit' | |
to cut | cuts | cut | cut | with grammatical alternation | |
also circumcise : through, over, under, over, cut |
circumcised | circumcised | circumcised | ||
also cut off : on, on, out, apart, in, in, through, in, in half, away, out, small, with, out, in, away , trim, trim, cut back |
cuts off | cut off | cut off | ||
stride | strides | step | paced | ||
walk in the same way: through, over, around, undercut |
treads | trod | trodden | ||
Pace off well: off, dahin-, daraus-, darein-, davon-, dazu-, draus-, drein-, one-, einher-, advanced, manufacturers, downgrades, zoom in, up-, challenges , approach‑, in‑, up‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, in‑, run‑ in‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, walk around |
steps off | step off | paced off | ||
splice | splices | split ends | split | especially north German, obsolete | |
splice | spliced | split up | splintered | ||
splicing as well: splicing in two |
splits off | split off | ripped off | ||
to brush | deletes | stroked | painted | ||
stroke also: over-, around-, under-, pass over |
coated | smeared | coated | ||
also wipe off : on-, on-, off-, there-, on-, on-, out-, above-, under-, on-, on-, out-, over-, underneath-, through-, on- , out‑, around‑, out‑, out‑, out‑, around‑, over‑, around‑, past‑, away‑, close‑ together |
crosses off | struck off | struck off | ||
fight | argues | quarreled | quarreled | ||
also deny : er‑, um‑, against‑, quarrel (yourself) |
denies | denied | disputed | ||
deny | denies | denied | denied | ||
give way | gives way | gave way | gave way | ||
escape | escapes | escaped | escaped | ||
deviate as well: evade, move away, move away, retreat |
differs from | deviated | deviated |
2nd Ablaut class: äu / eu - o - o
äu / eu - ō - ō
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to bend | [bends] | bent | bent | ||
bend | [bends] | bent | bent | ||
turn as well: by‑, through‑, in‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, around‑, down‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑ , down‑, run‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, away‑, straighten‑, back‑, bend together |
[turns | turned | turned | ||
Offer | booty / [offers] | bot | required | ||
also offer : offer , over-, under-, forbid, obsolete: offer |
disguises / [disbids] | offered | delivered | ||
also offer : up, off, against, offer, for sale, bid |
beut / [offers] | offered | offered | ||
but: [ capture ] | [captured] | [captured] | [captured] | ||
[ exploit ] | [he exploits] | [exploited] | [exploited] | ||
to fly | fleugt ( fals .: fleucht) / [flies] | flew | flown | In the phrase 'everything that creeps and flies' there is a widespread false form of flies | |
also fly : through-, out-, over-, around-, under-, fly away |
authorized / flooded / [escaped] | flew | flown over | ||
also fly off : towards-, up-, out-, apart-, against-, therefore-, there-, out-, in-, over-, away-, out-, in-, over-, in-, against- , away, up, down, coming, up, out, coming, in, over, around, down, home, down, down, up, out, added -, in‑, over‑, down‑, up‑, go‑, with‑, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, past‑, fly away, farther, to, back |
flew / flew / [flies] away | flew off | flew off | ||
flee | flees / [flees] | escaped | fled | ||
escape | escapes / [escapes] | escaped | escaped | ||
freeze | is happy / [freezes] | froze | frozen | formerly with grammatical change | |
also freeze to death : through-, ge‑, over‑, freeze |
pleased / [freezes] | froze to death | frozen to death | ||
to freeze off as well: to freeze, to freeze, to freeze |
is pleased / [freezes] | froze off | frozen off | ||
love | [loves] | klob | pegged | Austrian, southern German | |
( obsolete : kiesen ) | [gravel] | kor | chosen | with grammatical alternation | |
sound out | ( outdated .: [erkiest]) | selected | chosen | ||
( outdated .: auserkiesen ) | ( obsolete : kicks off) | ( outdated .: selected off) | chosen | ||
to lose | [loses] | lost | lost | formerly with grammatical change | |
lie / ( obsolete: lie ) | lies / [lies] | log | lied | ||
lie also: lie |
lies to / [lies] | lied to | lied to | ||
to lie also: to lie |
lies / [lies] | log on | lied to | ||
push | [pushes] | pushed | pushed | ||
override also: move |
[overtakes] | pushed over | pushed over | ||
push also: against-, on-, against each other, apart-, against-, on-, on-, above-, below-, in front of-, on-, on-, above-, underneath-, through-, on- , away‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, out‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑ in‑ in -, over‑, down‑, up‑, into each other, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, under‑, forward, past‑, away‑, further, close, back, push together |
[pushes] off | pushed off | deported | ||
rush | [throws] | stob | started | ||
dissipate as well: dissolve |
[passed away] | passed away | passed away | ||
split apart | [breaks] apart | fell apart | diverged | ||
to deceive / ( obs .: to deceive ) | true / [false] / ( obsolete : false) | trough | deceived | ||
to cheat as well: to cheat |
supervised / [cheats] | cheated | cheated | ||
cheat | looks after / [cheats] from | deceived | betrayed | ||
pull | pulls / pulls | pulled | drawn | with grammatical alternation | |
relate in the same way: through-, ent-, er-, behind-, over-, under-, pardon, execute |
bezeucht / [relates] | related | based | ||
also pull off : on-, on-, off-, at-, there-, on-, on-, out of-, in-, over-, under-, away-, on-, on-, out-, in- , over-, underneath-, through-, in-, along-, firm-, away-, equal-, large-, up-, down-, up-, up-, out-, near-, in-, across -, around‑, down‑, out‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, down‑, with‑, after‑, down‑, ran, up, out, in, over, around, down, tight, over, around, around, in front, over, over, away, further, to , pull back, pull together |
withdraws / [withdraws] | withdrew | deducted | ||
include | bezucht / [involves] | included | included | ||
withdraw | educates / [educates] | raised | withdrawn | ||
understand as well: attract, re-educate |
full / [follow] | followed | understood |
äu / eu - ŏ - ŏ
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
annoyed | annoyed / [annoyed] | annoyed | disgruntled | ||
flow | flows / [flows] | raft | flowed | ||
flow through in the same way: over‑, around‑, dissipate, flow away |
flows through / [flows through] | flowed through | flowed through | ||
also drain : out‑, there‑, out‑, in‑, above‑, under‑, away‑, in‑ out‑, out‑ in‑, over‑, under‑, through‑, in‑, away‑, out‑ , down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, out‑, down‑, down‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑ in‑ one, in ‑ in‑, out ‑ in ‑ in -, over‑, down‑, over‑, around‑, past‑, past‑, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, flow together |
flows away | flowed off | drained | ||
to water | poured / [poured] | poured | poured | ||
pour over also: breathe, er-, over-, shed |
watered / [watered] | doused | doused | ||
pour also: on-, out-, next-, out of-, on-, in-, over-, in-, out-, on-, in-, over-, in-, away-, down-, out- in, down, down, down, out, in, down, after, out, in, down, around, away, back, pour together |
poured / [pours] off | poured off | poured off | ||
crawl / crawl | creeps / [creeps] / creeps / [creeps] | crawled | crawled | ||
to hide away | creeps / [creeps] (itself) | crept away | hid | ||
crawl along as well: on it, on it, out of it, in it, above, below it, away, on it, on it, on it, out of it, in it, over it, under it, through, away , up, down, up, up, out, near, in, across, around, down, out, down, down, down, up, up, out -, in‑, over‑, down‑, add‑, go‑, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, under‑, away‑, crawl further, back |
creeps / [crawls] along | crawled there | crawled along | ||
enjoy | enjoyed / [enjoyed] | enjoyed | enjoyed | ||
smell | [smells] | smelled | smelled | ||
smell as well: er-, smell |
[smelled] | smelled | smelled | ||
smell out as well: smell out, out, bad smell |
[smells] out | smelled off | ripped out | ||
drink | drinks / ( obsolete: [drinks]) | drank | drunk | ||
get drunk in the same way: er-, drunk |
drunk (himself) | drunk | drunk | ||
drown as: Toggle, export, transit above, around, blanks, with, rum, more booze |
drowns | drunk off | drowned | ||
but: [ drown ] | [drowns] | [drowned] | [drowns] | Factitive | |
suck | [sucks] / ( obsolete: sucks) | [sucked] / so-called | [sucked] / sucked | ||
suction also: on-, on-, off-, out of-, in-, out-, in-, in-, (yourself) firmly-, away-, out-, in-, out-, in-, out- to suck in, full, away |
[sucks] | [sucked] / sucked off | [sucked off] / sucked off | ||
but: [ suckle ] | [suckles] | [suckled] | [suckled] | Factitive | |
shoot | shies / [shoots] | lap | shot | ||
also shoot at : er-, over-, over-, shooting |
bombarded / [bombarded] | shot at | shot at | ||
also shoot : at-, up-, out-, over-, next-, in-, over-, under-, in front of-, in-, over-, underneath-, through-, one-, in two-, wrong- , away, free, up, down, up, up, out, in, over, around, down, out, down, down, up, out, in -, over‑, down‑, up‑, sick‑, empty‑, go‑, after‑, down‑, cross‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, dead, forward, past, away, further, backward, shoot together |
shots / [shoots] | shot down | shot down | ||
conclude | locks / [closes] | lock | closed | ||
decide in the same way: (oneself) un-, he-, um-, close |
he decides / [decides] | decided | decided | ||
also close : connect, open, close, in, away, short, away, close, back, join together |
he closes / closes | completed | completed | ||
snort / ( landsch .: sniff / sniff ) | [snorts] / ( landsch .: [sniff] / [sniff]) | schnob / [snorted] / ( countrysch .: [sniffed] / [sniffed)] | [sniffed] / ( landsch .: [sniffed] / [sniffed)] / ( unw .: sniffed) | ||
to snort at | snorts | sniffed | sniffed at | ||
boil | [boils] | sott / [boiled] | boiled / [boiled] | with grammatical alternation | |
simmered | [differentiated] | soothed / [boiled] | soot [boiled] | ||
but: ( eg. a fireplace) [ furring ] | [soiled] | [soothed] | [soiled] | ||
sprout | sprouts / [sprouts] | scion | sprouted | ||
sprout likewise: sprout |
corresponds / [sprouts] | sprouted | sprouted | ||
spring up as well: sprout |
sprouts / [sprouts] | sprout | sprouted | ||
ooze | meets / [drips] | dripped / [dripped] | [deepened] / ( obsolete: hit) | ||
to drain | descends / [drips] from | dripped / dripped off | [retrieved] |
3rd Ablaut class: i - a / o / u - o / u
i - a / u - u
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
tie | binds | band / waistband | bound | ||
also give birth : under-, connect |
gives birth | delivered / delivered | delivered | ||
tie in the same way: to-, up-, in front of-, one-, down-, up-, loose-, around-, to-, back-, tie together |
binds | tied off | tied | ||
brinn | burns | burned | well | see. burn under the backward verbs | |
to escape as well: to spend |
escapes | arose | well up | ||
burn off also: on, off, through, down, continue to burn |
burns off | burned down | drained off | ||
[ things ] | [thing] | [dingte] / dang / ( obsolete: dung) | hired | ||
[ condition ] likewise: to hire |
[conditional] | conditional / [conditional] | [conditional] / conditional | ||
[ Stipulate ] | [conditionally] off | conditional / ( obsolete: [conditional]) from | [conditional] / conditional | ||
penetrate | penetrates | urge / urge | squat | transitive and intransitive | |
penetrate likewise: displace |
penetrates | penetrated / penetrated | penetrated | transitive | |
to push away in the same way: on, through, in, forwards, to penetrate |
escapes | urge / urged | forced out | ||
but: [ push ] | [urges] | [urged] | [urged] | transitive | |
[ pressurize ] also: suppress |
[pressured] | [harassed] | [pressured] | ||
[ push away ] also: up-, in-between-, after-, pushing away |
[urges] | [pushed away] | [pushed away] | ||
Find | finds | found (they found / found) | found / ( obsolete : found) | ||
are also: emp‑, invent |
is located | found (they found / ( obsolete .: found)) | found | ||
accept as well: on‑, (oneself) in‑, (oneself) in‑, (oneself) in‑, her‑ out‑, out‑, out‑, out‑, instead‑, forward‑, again‑, right‑, back‑ , come together |
resigns | accepted | resigned | ||
sound | sounds | sound | sounded | ||
also sound : fade away |
sounds | rang out | sounded | ||
also decay : on, off, with, lingering |
dies away | sounded off | to subside | ||
go wrong | does not sound | discord | failed / failed | ||
but weak: (glasses) [ sound ] | [sounds] | [sounded] | [sounded] | ,nudge' | |
success | succeed | succeeded | succeeded | ||
fail / ( obsolete : fail ) | fails / ( obsolete : failed) | failed / ( obsolete: failed ) | unsuccessful / unsuccessful | ||
wrestle | wrestles | rank | struggled | ||
win | wins | won | won | ||
wrestle in the same way: out-, through-, wrestle down |
struggles | urged | wrested | ||
[ flay ] | [grinds] | rubbish / [rubbish] | battered | ||
[ shred ] | [disintegrates] | shredded / [shredded] | battered | ||
loop | loops | snake / ( obsolete : schlung) | looped | originally two different verbs, mhd. slingen and slinden | |
embrace likewise: devour |
wraps around | embraced | embraced | ||
to gobble down likewise: gobble down |
loops down | snaked down | swallowed down | ||
dwindle | disappears | dwindled / ( obsolete : dwindled) | dwindled | ||
vanish as: disappear |
disappears | disappeared | vanished | ||
fade away as well: fade away |
disappears | disappeared | disappeared | ||
swing | swings | swing / swing | swung | ||
afford | swings | aggravated / aggravated | swung | ||
to swerve (oneself) likewise: up, out, in, out, up, up, with, after, away, further, back |
swings down | swung / swing (yourself) from | swung down | ||
to sing | sings | sang (they sang / sang) | sung | ||
also sing about : sing |
sings about | sang (they sang about / sang about) | sung about | ||
Sing also: along-, on-, loose-, along-, after-, for-, continue to sing |
sings off | sang (they sang / sang) | sung | ||
sink | sinks | sank | decreased | ||
sink in | sinks | sank | sunk | ||
sink in the same way: in, down, down, down, away, back, sinking down |
sinks | sank | sunk | ||
leap | jumps | jumped | jumped | ||
also jump : jump up, jump over, jump over |
jumped | sprinkled | jumped | ||
also jump off : on-, up-, by-, against-, in front of-, in-, away-, forward-, out-, back-, out-, through-, up-, up-, after-, over- to jump forwards, away, backwards |
jumps off | jumped off | jumped off | ||
stink | smells bad | stank | stunk | ||
drown | he stinks | died away | drowned | ||
also drop off : an-, therefore-, continue to stink |
stinks | stank | stunk | ||
drink | drinks | drank | drank | ||
to get drunk as well: to drown |
gets drunk | got drunk | drunk | ||
Drink up (something) in the same way: drink out of, mixed up, loose, with, after, around, to drink |
drinks (something) | drank (himself something) | drunk | ||
but: [ soak ] also: through-, drown |
[soaks] | [soaked] | [soaked] | Factitive | |
squirm | winds | wall | tortuous | ||
wriggle out in the same way: over-, around-, twist |
escapes | escaped | unwound | ||
wind up in the same way: wind out, out, wind up |
winds up | walled up | wound up | ||
but: [ wind ] | [winds] | [wound] | [threaded] | 'Wind goes' / 'carried by the wind' | |
[ wind away ] | [winds away] | [wriggled away] | [threaded away] | ||
beckon | [waves] | [waved] | [waved] / waved (colloquial) | ||
Waving away as well: through, approaching, out, approaching, in, following, passing, waving |
[waves away] | [waved off] | [angled] / angled | ||
wring | wrestles | wrangle | wrung | ||
wring out | wring out | wrung out | wrung out | ||
to force | forces | force | forced | ||
conquer as well: force |
conquers | conquered | conquered | ||
forcing also: forcing in, down, back, forcing |
forces on | forced on | imposed |
i - a / o - o
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
bark ( Ind .: I bill / [ bark ]) | billt / [barks] | boll / [barked] | [barked] / barked | ||
to bark ( Ind .: I bark / [bark]) | cheaper / [barks] | verboll / [barked] | [barks] / forbidden | ||
to abbellen ( Ind .: I bill / [belle] ab) also: to bark on, off, loose |
approves / [barks] | boll / [barked] off | [peeled off] / peeled off | ||
bergen ( Ind .: ich birg / [berge]) | conceals | barg | salvaged | ||
to hide ( Ind .: I hide / [hide]) | hides | hid | hidden | ||
burst ( Ind .: I burst / [burst]) | bursts | borst / burst | burst | ||
burst ( Ind .: I burst / [burst]) | bursts | burst / burst | shattered | ||
durchbersten ( Ind. : I burst / [Bursting] by) as well: entzweibersten |
bursts through | borst / burst through | burst through | ||
to spoil ( Ind .: I spoil / [spoil]) | spoils | spoiled ( conj. : pit of corruption) | spoiled | ||
but in fact : [ spoil ] | [corrupted] / corrupted | [corrupt] / spoiled ( conj. : corruptly / pit of corruption) | [corrupted] / corrupted | ||
threshing / threshing ( Ind .: I threshing / [threshing / threshing]) | threshes | thrashing / thrashing | threshed | ||
threshing / threshing ( Ind .: I threshing / [threshing / threshing]) | thrashed | thrashed / thrashed | beat up | ||
thresh through / through through ( Ind .: I thresh / [thresh / thresh] through) also: thresh out, in, off |
thrashes through | thrash / thrash through | thrashed through | ||
fencing ( Ind .: I fencing / [fencing]) | fights | fought | fought | ||
fight through ( Ind .: I fight through / [fight through]) also: er-, defend |
throughficht | fought through | fought through | ||
contest ( Ind .: I contest / [contest]) as well: out-, through-, along-, further-fight |
contests | challenged | challenged | ||
braid ( Ind .: I braid / [braid]) | braids | braided | braided | ||
interweave as well: un-, um-, intertwine ( Ind .: I durchflicht / [durchflechte]) |
thorough | braided | braided | ||
weave through as well: weave in, further-, weave together ( Ind . : I weave / [weave] through) |
weaves through | braided through | braided | ||
apply ( Ind .: I apply / [apply]) | applies | was ( conj. : gölte / would apply) | applied | ||
remunerate as well: remunerate ( Ind .: I remunerated / [remunerated]) |
repaid | entgalt ( conj. : entgölte / entgälte) | paid | ||
pay off ( Ind .: I apply / [apply] from) | Shall apply from | was from ( conj. : gölte / would apply ab) | compensated | ||
kick off | begins | began / ( veralt .: [begonnte]) ( conj. : begönne / would begin) | began | ||
glow | glows | glowed / [glowed] | [glimmered] / glimmered | ||
glow in the same way: glow out |
glows | glowed / [glowed] | [glowed] / glowed | ||
Glimmer also: glow |
glows | glowed / [glowed] down | [calibrated] / calibrated | ||
help ( Ind .: I help / [help]) | helps | helped ( conj. : heal / one-half) | helped / ( aux. also: help) | ||
to help ( Ind .: I help / [help] (me)) also: to help |
helps (himself) | behalf (to) ( conj. : behülfe / (behälfe located)) | help | ||
help ( Ind .: I help / [help] from) also: up-, out-, through-, out-, away-, up-, with-, after-, help out |
helps | remedied ( conj. : heal / one half ab) | remedied | ||
climb | climbs | klomm / ( obsolete: [klimmte]) | [climbed] / climbed | ||
durchklimmen as: ER, überklimmen |
climbs through | durchklomm / ( outdated .: [durchklimmte]) | [climbed through] / climbed through | ||
climb up | climbs up | klomm / ( obsolete: [klimmte]) up | [climbed up] / climbed up | ||
delete / ( obsolete : delete ) ( Ind .: ich lisch / [delete]) | disappears / [deletes] | erase / [erased] | deleted / [deleted] | Intransitive | |
to go out ( Ind .: I go out / [go out]) likewise: go out |
goes out | went out | extinguished | ||
but only weakly: [ delete ] also: [delete] |
[deleted] | [deleted] | Factitive | ||
[ extinguish ] also: extinguish |
[erases] | [extinguished] | [deleted] | ||
milking ( Ind .: I milk / [milking]) | milks / [milks] | milk | milked | ||
continue milking ( Ind .: I milk / [milk] further) | milks / [milks] on | continue to milk | milked on | ||
[ swell ] / swell | quillt / ( obsolete: [quellet]) | welled | swollen | ||
[ swell ] / swell | swelled | swollen | swollen | ||
[ Aufquillen ] / swell as: off, challenges, herein-, hervor-, overflowing |
swells up | swelled up | swollen | ||
run down | runs | ran ( conj. : Ronne / ränne) | curdled | ||
flow through also: escape, flow, flow away |
trickles through | ran through ( conj. : by Ronne / durchränne) | run through | ||
flow through also: away, down, away, further, back, flowing together |
runs through | ran through ( conj. : Ronne / ränne by) | congealed | ||
[ sound ] | [sounds] | scholl / [echoed] | clumped / [sounded] | strong pret. / Part. II : see smash | |
[ covered ] | [sonicated] | lost / [disguised] | lost | ||
[ counter-echo ] also: echo back |
echoes against | scholl / [echoed] against | clumped against / [sounded against] | ||
shatter | [shattered] | [shattered] | shattered / [shattered] | formerly 1st Ablaut class | |
scold ( Ind .: I scold / [scold]) | scolds | switching ( conj. : scold / peeling) | scolded | ||
scold ( Ind .: I scold / [scold]) | scolded | switching from ( conj. : scold / peeled off) | scolded | ||
to melt ( Ind .: I melt / [melt]) | melts | melted | melted | ||
merge ( Ind .: I merge / [merge]) | merges | merged | merged | ||
melt as: dahin-, through, turn, continued, back, path, melt together ( Ind. : I Melt / [melt] ab) |
melts off | melted away | melted off | ||
to swell ( Ind .: I swell / [swell]) | swells | swelled | swollen | ||
swell ( Ind .: I swell / [swell]) | swells up | swollen | swollen | ||
swell also: swell up, swell up, swell up ( Ind . : I swell / [swell] down) |
swells | swelled up | swollen | ||
swim | swims | swam / swam | swam | ||
swim through likewise: around-, blur |
swims through | swam through / through | swam through | ||
swim in the same way: against-, along-, through-, in-, against-, away-, (yourself) free-, here-, home-, out-, out-, over-, up-, go-, with- to swim after, forwards, past, away, further, back |
swims | swam / swam on | swam up | ||
ponder | muses | thought | minded | ||
reflect (oneself) in the same way: (oneself) escape, invent |
thinks about | thought about | prudent | ||
outwardly as well: meditate |
thinks up | thought out | thought out | ||
be crazy | crazy | Spann ( conj. : spönne / spänne) | spun | ||
spin through as well: un-, um-, spin |
spins | spun by ( conj. : durchspönne / durchspänne) | spun through | ||
Spinning also: on, off, away, on, spinning |
spun off | spun off ( conj. : spönne / spänne ab) | spun off | ||
to die ( Ind .: I die / [die]) | dies | died ( conj. : die / stärbe) | died | ||
to die ( Ind .: I die / [ die ]) also: to die |
he dies | died ( conj. : would die / erstärbe) | died | ||
to die off ( Ind .: I die / [die] from) also: die out , go away, go away, die away |
dies | died from ( conj. : die / stärbe ab) | dead | ||
advertise ( Ind .: I advertise / [advertise]) | advertises | recruited ( conj. : würbe / wärbe / wörbe) | advertised | ||
apply ( Ind .: I apply / [apply]) also: er-, woo |
applies | applied ( conj. : bewürbe / bewärbe / bewörbe) | Applied | ||
recruit ( Ind .: I recruit / [ recruit ]) as well as: recruit |
advertises | wörb ab ( conj . : wörbe / wörbe / wörbe ab) | poached | ||
be ( Ind. : I will / [will], you will) | becomes | ward / became ( conj .: would) | become / ( va aux .: become ) | ||
get rid of ( Ind .: I will / [will] get rid of, you will get rid of) | gets going | was / got rid of ( conj .: would go on) | got rid of | ||
throw ( Ind .: I throw / [throw]) | throws | threw ( conj. : litters / wärfe) | thrown | ||
to throw ( Ind .: I throw / [throw]) also: ent‑, (oneself) over‑, under‑, reject |
throws at | pelted ( conj. : grouts / bewärfe) | thrown at | ||
throw off ( Ind .: I throw / [throw off]) also: on-, on-, off-, against-, before-, in-, against-, away-, around-, towards-, out-, after- , over‑, down‑, up‑, after‑, down‑, over‑, around‑, forward‑, past‑, away‑, up‑, back‑, throw together |
throws off | threw off ( conj. : throws / wärfe ab) | thrown off | ||
win | wins | won ( conj. : shall gain / would win) | won | ||
to win also: to regain, to win back |
wins | won from ( conj. : shall gain / would gain from) | won |
4. Ablaut class: i (e) / ö - a / o - o
i (e) / ö - a - o
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to give birth ( Ind .: I give birth / [give birth]) | gives birth / [gives birth] | gave birth | born | ||
break ( Ind .: I break / [break]) | breaks | broke | Broken | ||
break ( Ind. : I dig now / [break through]) as: ER, Ge, bottom, comparable, break |
breaks through | broke through | broken through | ||
break off ( Ind .: I break off / [break off]) as well: at-, up-, out-, apart-, through-, in-, in-, split-, away-, out-, in-, down-, out- , go-, after-, down-, turn-, away-, collapse |
breaks off | broke up | canceled | ||
but weak: [ cancel ] | [break off] | [cancel] | [canceled] | 'Finish breaking the flax' | |
[ wheel break ] | [radebrecht] | [radebrechte] | [straight] | ||
command ( Ind .: I command / [command]) also: recommend |
commands | ordered ( conj. : beföhle / befähle) | ordered | ||
to command ( Ind .: I command / [command]) | commands | ordered from ( conj. : beföhle / befähle ab) | commanded | ||
recommend ( Ind .: I recommend / [recommend] to) also: recommend |
recommends | recommended in ( conj. : empföhle / empfähle at) | recommended | ||
come | comes / [comes] ( Imp .: come) | came | came | ||
get as well: escape, over, degenerate |
He bekömmt / receive ( Imp. : bekomm) | got | to get | ||
get lost as well: up, to, through, afloat, free, out, in, down, down, up, small, loose, with, away, again, got back |
He bekömmt / get from ( Imp. : bekomm ab) | got off | to get | ||
Agreements as well: on-, on-, off-, by-, therefore-, behind-, away-, to-, in between-, through-, up-, towards-, along-, away-, free-, equal- , home‑, up‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, over‑, down‑, over‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, away‑, up‑, up‑, go‑, with‑, after‑ -, down‑, over‑, around‑, around‑, under‑, ahead‑, ahead‑, past‑, away‑, further‑, again‑, to‑, benefit, get along‑, back‑, come together |
comes / [comes] from ( Imp .: come from) | came off | got lost | ||
take ( Ind .: I take / [take]) | takes | took | taken | ||
behave in the same way: ent-, over-, under-, hear ( Ind .: I behave / [behave]) |
behaves | behaved | dazed | ||
also decrease : on-, on-, off-, through-, in-, against-, firmly-, away-, free-, home-, here-, out-, in-, out-, up-, with- , part‑, evil‑, forward‑, ahead‑, away‑, to‑, back‑, collect ( Ind .: I take / [take] down) |
decreases | lost weight | removed | ||
[ scare ] / [ scare ] ( Ind .: I scare / [scare] / [scare]) | scares / [scares] / [scares] | frightened / [frightened] / [frightened] | frightened / [frightened] / [frightened] | Intransitive | |
erschröcken / scare ( Ind. : I dismayed / [erschröcke] / [troubled]) as: scare ( intransitive ) |
frightened | startled | frightened | ||
aufschröcken / startle ( Ind. : I schrick / [Schröcke] / [cringe] on) as well: high, back, wince ( intransitive ) |
gives a start | started | startled | ||
but transitive weakly: [ schröcken ] / [ shy ] | [scares] / [scares] | [scared] / [scared] | [scared] / [scared] | ||
[ Erschröcken ] / [ scare ] as: verschröcken / scare of |
[scared] / [scared] | [startled] / [startled] | [scared] / [scared] | ||
[ abschröcken ] / [ deterring ] also: abschröcken / -schrecken |
[scares] / [scares off] | [scared] / [scared off] | [deterred] / [deterred] | ||
to speak ( Ind .: I speak / [speak]) | speaks | spoke ( conj. : spröche / speaking) | spoken | ||
discuss ( Ind .: I discuss / [discuss]) also: correspond, over-, promise, contradict |
discusses | discussed | discussed | ||
to agree ( Ind .: I speak / [speak] from) also: speak to, speak out , for, through, free, around, go, with, after, before, continue, speak |
speaks from | agreed | agreed | ||
sting ( Ind .: I sting / [ sting ]) | stings | stung | stung | ||
bribe ( Ind .: I bribe / [bribe]) also: through-, er-, stabbing |
captivates | bribed | bribed | ||
cut off ( Ind .: I cut off / [cut off]) also: cut in, cut out, stand out, loosely, after-, down-, around-, to-, cut back |
stands out | stabbed | cut off | ||
[ stuck ] | [plugged] | stuck / [stuck] | stocked / [stuck] | Intransitive | |
but in fact only weak: [ stuck ] also: hide |
[plugged] | [stuck] | [plugged] | ||
[ stretch ] | [He's stuck] | [stretched] | [He's stuck] | ||
[ stake out ] also: plug in, on, off, through, in, away, out, away, back in |
[marks] | [staked out] | [staked] | ||
steal ( Ind .: I steal / [steal]) | [steals] | steel ( conj. : stöhle / steels) | stolen | ||
steal ( Ind .: I steal / [insist]) | [steals] | stole ( conj. : bestähle / ( veralt .: bestöhle)) | robbed | ||
to steal away ( Ind .: I steal / [steal] (myself) from it) as well: (away), away-, back-, steal together |
[steals] from it | steel (to) thereof ( conj. : stöhle / (steels itself) thereof) | stole away | ||
meet ( Ind .: I meet / [meet]) | meets | met | met | ||
concern ( Ind .: I concern / [concern]) also: exceed |
concerns | concerned | affected | ||
to meet ( Ind .: I meet / [meet]) also: to-, to-, to- , to meet |
meets | met | encountered |
ie - o - o
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ferment | [ferment] | brat | fermented | formerly 5th Ablaut class and with grammatical change | |
ferment | [fermented] | fermented | fermented | ||
[ ferment ] | [ferment] | [ferment] | [fermented] | va transferred and factual | |
conceal | [concealed] | [concealed] | [concealed] / ( adj .: concealed) | ||
to shear ( Ind .: I shear / [shear]) | shears / [shears] | sheared | sheared | ||
but: [ (oneself) to shear ] also: (oneself) away, shear away (oneself) |
[shears (yourself)] ( Imp .: [shear] / sheer (you)) | [didn't care] | [sheared] | ,to get away' | |
[ give ] | [gives] | [gave] | [gives] | ||
[ pull out ] | [shears out] | [sheared out] | [sheared out] | ||
to swear ( Ind .: I difficult / [swear]) | swells / [swells] | [blackened] / swore | [sworn] / sworn | ||
weigh | [weighs] / ( obsolete: weighs) | [weighed] / weighed | [weighed] / weighed | (formerly 5th Ablaut class, see (yourself) daring ) | |
weave | [weaves] | wob / [wove] | [woven] / woven | formerly 5th Ablaut class | |
also weave through : weave |
[interwoven] | interwoven / [interwoven] | [interwoven] / interwoven | ||
weave in | [weaves] in | wob / [wove] in | [woven in] / woven in | ||
move | [emotional] | moved | moved | only in the meaning of 'cause'; formerly 5th Ablaut class, see weighing | |
daring | [daring] (himself) | weighed | weighed / ( only adj . : daring) | ||
[ move ] also: [moves] |
[moved] | [emotional] | in all meanings |
5. Ablaut class: i (e) - a - e
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ask | asks | asked | asked | ||
ask also: forbid |
he asks | he begged | asked for | ||
Ask also: out , in, over, down, in, over, asking down |
asks | asked off | aborted | ||
eat ( Ind .: I eat / [eat]) | eats | ate | eaten | ||
Eat ( Ind .: I eat / [eat] from) also: eat in , up, out, mixed up, empty, with, away, continue to eat |
eats off | ate off | eaten | ||
eat ( Ind .: I eat / [eat]) | eats | ate | eaten | ||
over-eat (oneself) ( Ind .: I over-eat / [over-eat] (me)) as well: eat up |
overeating | gobbled up | overeat | ||
eat away ( Ind .: I eat / [eat] off) also: on-, up-, out-, through-, firm-, in-, bald-, empty-, loose-, away-, continue to eat |
eats away | ate away | eaten away | ||
give ( Ind .: I give / [give]) | gives | gave | given | ||
give ( Ind .: I give / [give]) also: he-, over-, around-, forgive |
embarks | came | go | ||
to go home ( Ind .: I go / [go] (me) home) as well: go (oneself) into |
goes home | went home | given home | ||
give in ( Ind .: I give / [give]) also: indicate‑, give up‑, spend‑, by‑, on‑, to‑, through‑, in‑, away‑, free‑, her‑, out‑ , in‑, out‑, with‑, after‑, instead of, before‑, away‑, further‑, again‑, to‑, return |
gives off | gave up | submitted | ||
forget ( Ind .: I forget / [forget]) | forgets | forgot | to forget | ||
read ( Ind .: I read / [read]) | read | read | read | formerly with grammatical change | |
select ( Ind .: I passed / [select]) also: over-, misread |
he reads | He read | exquisite | ||
read off ( Ind .: I read / [read] from) also: on-, on-, off-, through-, (yourself) in-, against-, along-, after-, read out-, on-, read together |
reads | read off | read | ||
lie | lies | lay | located | ||
succumb in the same way: if-, under-, lie (yourself) |
he is lying | he laid | shoot | ||
rest well: up, examples, Ready, DA, daneben-, danieder-, therebelow, through, fixed, countertransference above, around, inne-, still-, untereinander-, forward, back are |
that is because of | was on | important | ||
measure ( Ind .: I measure / [ measure ]) | measures / ( obsolete : measures) | measured | measured | ||
sized as well: through, ER, measured ( Ind. : I Bemiss / [bemesse]) |
measured | dimensioned | measured | ||
Measure also: Toggle, exclusively, examples, one, demand, attach ( Ind. : I miss / [fair] ab) |
measures | measured | measured | ||
recovered | ( unw .: genist / [genest]) | recovered | recovered | formerly with grammatical change | |
happen ( Ind .: I happen / [happen]) | happens / ( ancient: history) | happened | happen | ||
[to be ] ( Ind .: I am, we / they [are] / are, you are, conj .: I / he is, you are / are, Imp. Sg .: be / ( ancient to), Imp. Pl . : sei / ( southern German, Switzerland .: are / southern German, Austrian : seids)) | [is (you are)] | was / ( ancient: what) | been | suppletives verb , the strains of his - are - is as well as those of was / was - was - was [Class 5] are each another in a Ablautverhältnis, the latter have grammatical changes on | |
see ( Ind .: I see / [see]) | sees | saw | seen / ( aux. mostly: see) | ||
see also: he-, over-, provided ( Ind .: I see / [see]) |
considered | looked at | look at | ||
to refrain ( Ind .: I see / [see]) also: at‑, up‑, out‑, through‑, in‑, against‑, far‑ away‑, down‑, down‑, out‑, away‑, after‑ , red‑, black‑, to‑ look ahead‑, ahead‑, ahead‑, away‑, farther‑, again‑, watch‑, look back |
looks away | looked away | apart | ||
sit | sits | sat | sat | ||
own also: sit |
owns | owned | obsessed | ||
sit down as well: up‑, out‑, with‑, together‑, there‑, with‑ beside-, through‑, one‑, firmly‑ opposite‑, around‑, after‑, down‑, still‑, before‑ , sit together |
sits down | dismounted | dismounted | ||
to step ( Ind .: I step / [step]) | occurs | kicked | kicked | ||
enter also: over-, over-, trample ( Ind .: I enter / [enter]) |
enters | entered | to enter | ||
resign ( Ind .: I resign / [resign]) also: come up, step up, step out, join, in between-, enter-, counter-, wrong-, firmly-, opposite-, approach-, emerge- , to-, in-, to-, to-, to- go-, to-, down-, dead-, forwards, away-, to-, back-, to come together |
resigns | resigned | assigned |
6. Ablaut class: ä / e / ö - u / a / o - a / o
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to bake | bakes / [bakes] | baked / [baked] | baked | ||
gratinated | overbaked / [overbaked] | überbuk / [overbaked] | gratinated | ||
Bake off as well: up, through, bake in |
bakes / [bakes] | baked / [baked] | baked off | ||
drive | moves | drove | hazards | ||
drive on as well: through-, out-, er-, over-, around-, under-, ver‑, befallen‑, dislocated |
drives | drove | drive on | ||
depart as well: approach, up, out, over, in between, through, in, against, along, firmly, away, home, here, approaching, out, in , up‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, away‑, up‑, loose‑, with‑, after‑, black‑, dead‑, around‑, around‑, ahead‑, ahead -, by‑, away‑, further‑, back‑, together |
leaves | drove off | gone | ||
[ ask ] | asks / [asks] | asked / [asked] | [asked] | ||
[ ask ] also: inquire , question |
questioned / [questioned] | interviewed / [interviewed] | [questioned] | ||
[ inquire ] also: to-, from-, to-, to-, further-, to ask back |
asks / [asks] | asked / [asked] from | [queried] | ||
but only weakly: [ advice questions ] | [ask for advice] | [asked for advice] | [advised] | ||
dig | digs | dug | dug | ||
buried also: under-, buried |
buried | buried | to bury | ||
dig up as well: at-, up-, out-, through-, one-, free-, go-, after-, away-, further-, digging up |
digs away | dug up | excavated | ||
to lift | lifts | hob / ( obs.: hub) | raised / ( upper German: [raised]) / ( obsolete : raised) | formerly with grammatical change | |
fix in the same way: de-, he-, over-, elevate (oneself) |
fixes | fixed | fixed / ( Oberdt .: [fixes]) | ||
take off as well: up, up, out, away, out, highlight, up, lift away |
takes off | took off | lifted / ( upper German: [lifted]) | ||
load | loads / [loads] | invited | loaded | 'Burdened' | |
loading as well: unloading, transferring, loading |
loaded / [loaded] | loaded | loaded | ||
unloading as well: loading, unloading , through, loading, down-, up-, reloading, reloading, pre-loading |
loads / [loads] | unloaded | dumped | ||
but: [ invite ] also: invite , preload |
[loads] / loads | [loaded] / loaded | loaded | 'Ask to come' | |
[ unload ] | [load] / unload | [loaded] / unloaded | unloaded | ||
create | [creates] | created | created | 'Create, elaborate' | |
create | [created] | created | create | ||
: but only weakly [ create ] as well: give |
[creates] | [managed] | [made] | 'Work, achieve, persevere' | |
beat | beats | hit | beaten | ||
fog up in the same way: through-, er-, over-, over-, under-, down-, battered |
fog up | fogged up | fog up | ||
also knock off : strike, up, out, (wide), in between, through, in, up, against, in two, wrong, away, her, out, around, down, up, bald, loose, following, down, dead, on top of one another, forward, away, closed, back, hit |
knocks off | struck off | knocked off | ||
but weak: [ advice ] | [advice] | [advised] | [advised] | ||
[ advise ] | [advised] | [advised] | [advised] | ||
swear | swears / ( obsolete: [swears]) | [swore] / swore / ( veralt .: swore) ( conj. : ulcers) | sworn | ||
conjure likewise: conspire |
conjures | conjured / conjured ( conj. : beschwüre) | conjured up | ||
conjure up | conjures up | conjured / conjured ( conj. : beschwüre up) | conjured up | ||
forswear well: einschwören |
swears off | [swore] / renounced ( conj. : ulcers ab) | sworn off | ||
stand | stands | stand / hour | confessed | Root present next to the preterital forms of a 6th grade verb | |
exist in the same way: ent‑, er‑, ge‑, over‑, um‑, under‑, over‑, resist |
consists | passed / passed | passed | ||
admit as: concede rise, rise again |
admits | admitted / admitted | admitted | ||
also stand up : stand up, up, out, near, together, ready, there, with, for, behind, above, in front, through, one, firmly, free , face to face, equal, good, around, upright, head, empty, after, around, still, tight, above, below, in front, close, back, stand together |
sticks out | stood / stood off | stale | ||
wear | wearing | wore | carried | ||
are also: er‑, over‑, tolerate |
amounts | amounted to | be | ||
also remove : on, on, off, by, away, in, away, home, up, up, out, in, down, out, up, out , in‑, down‑, up‑, with‑, after‑, around‑, forwards, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, collect |
wears off | wore off | worn away | ||
to grow | grows | growth | grown | ||
overgrown as well: out-, er-, overgrown |
overgrown | vegetation | overgrown | ||
grow in the same way: up, out, in, solid, closer, out, out, in, with, after, further, growing together |
grows | grew | grown | ||
but weak (and unrelated): [ grow ] | [grows] | [grew] | [waxed] | 'Rub in with wax' | |
[ wax in ] | [waxes in] | [waxed in] | [waxed] | ||
to wash | washes / ( obsolete: [waschet]) | washed | washed | ||
washed-out | washed out | washed up | washed-out | ||
washing up as well: washing on, off, with, before, away, white |
washes off | washed up | washed |
7. Ablaut class: Verbs with a former reduplication in the past tense
egg - ie - egg
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
eischen / heischen / heuschen | [hustles] / [hisses] / [hisses] | [eischte] / [heischte] / hiesch / iesch / [hushed] | [geeischt] / [geeischt] / geeischen / geeischt / [geeischt] | ||
abeischen / abheischen / abheuschen | [eischt] / [heishes] / [heuscht] from | [eischte] / [called] / hiesch / iesch / [hushed] off | [shed] / [sheared] / shed / shed / [shed] | ||
be called | called | was called | called / ( aux. mostly: hot) | ||
promise | promises | promised | promise | ||
approve | means good | was called good | approved |
e - i - a
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
go | goes | went | went | Root present next to the preterital forms of a derived verb of the 7th class | |
also commit : escape, er-, behind-, over-, around-, per-, dissolve |
commits | committed | committed | ||
come off well: Toggle, up, off, dahin-, daneben-, daran-, davon-, through, Jumble, one-, einher-, entgegen-, entlang-, entzwei-, mis-, continued , strange-, home-, here-, coming-, out-, in-, down-, around-, down-, out-, down-, down-, up-, up-, out-, through-, in -, over‑, over‑, up‑, long‑, go‑, with‑, after‑, down‑, broke‑, sure‑, over‑, around‑, around‑, under‑, before‑, ahead‑, before‑, ahead‑, past‑, before‑, past‑, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, walk together |
goes off | went off | departed |
ö / au / äu - ie - o / au
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
hit | [skin] | cut / [skin] | hewn / [hewn] | 'Cut, hit' | |
axed as well: through, comparable, cut up |
[hewn] | behaved / [asserted] | hewed / [hewn] | ||
also cut off : next to it, in one, in two, out of, down, around, to, cut together |
[go away] | cut off | cut off / [cut off] | ||
but in the meanings 'mow, cut, throw' only: cut | [skin] | [haute] | hewn / [hewn] | ||
hew also: to beat up |
[hewn] | [claim] | hewed / [hewn] | ||
cut off as well: hit, cut through, cut |
[go away] | [took off] | cut off / [cut off] | ||
to run | running / ( obsolete: running) | loff / ran | dropped / run | ||
run in the same way: through-, out-, er-, over-, under-, run out, dissolve |
amounts to | beloff / belief | beloffen / amount | ||
run out in the same way: on-, up-, out-, apart-, away-, through-, confused-, in-, ice-, against-, away-, (yourself) free-, home-, her-, out- , around‑, over‑, out‑, in‑, behind‑ after‑, behind‑, down‑, up‑, empty‑, loose‑, with‑, after‑, dead‑, over, around‑, ahead‑ ( each other) warm, away, farther, to, back, together, to run counter to |
expires | loff / expired | expired / expired | ||
bump | bumps | bumped | encountered | ||
bumped also: through-, for-, crushed |
bumped | bumped | bumped | ||
also repel : to-, up-, out-, through-, in-, away-, for-, there-, after-, down-, around-, forwards, away-, further-, to-, back- , collide |
repels | repelled | repelled |
ä - i (e) - ă
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
fall | falls | fell | like | ||
infested as well: corresponds, overall, exceeded, comparable disintegrate |
infested | attacked | infested | ||
displeased / ( obsolete: displeased ) | displeased / ( obsolete : displeased) | displeased / ( obsolete : displeased) | displeased / displeased | ||
also fall away : on-, up-, out-, by-, there-, above-, below-, through-, in-, away-, down-, down-, out-, in-, down-, out- , down-, in-, down-, across-, around-, forwards, forwards, away-, further-, to-, back-, collapse |
falls off | fell off | fallen off | ||
but weak: [ accident ] | [accident] | [accident victim] | [accident] | ||
to catch / ( ancient: to approach ) | catches / ( ancient: faht) | caught | captured | ||
self-conscious as well: mended around, below, caught |
self-conscious | befing | self-conscious | ||
catch also: start, on, catch , with, catch again |
intercepts | caught | intercepted | ||
hold | holds / ( obsolete .: [hold]) | held | held | ||
also retain : ent‑, er‑, under‑, restrained |
retains | retained | to keep | ||
withhold also: on, on, with, in, reserved, withheld |
retains | withheld | keep off | ||
also hold back : on-, on-, off-, apart-, ready-, for-, against-, next-, close-, through-, one-, against-, for sale, far-, firm-, free- , fresh-, caught-, against-, for-, out-, back-, in-, behind-, up-, inside-, short-, with-, after-, down-, open-, clean-, crooked -, stiff, still, forward, awake, warm, closed, backed, hold together |
holds off | held off | held | ||
hang / [ hang ] / ( singular: hahen ) | depends / ( obsolete .: [hanget]) / ( isolated .: haht) | hung | hung | intransitive ; with grammatical alternation | |
overhang / [ overhang ] | overhangs | overhanged | overhang | ||
Depend / [ depend ] also: on-, off-, there-, hanging through-, down-, out-, around-, down-, after-, over-, hanging on / hanging on |
depends | depended | depended on | ||
to let | leaves | let | let / ( aux. mostly: let) | ||
leave as well: leave behind, over, under, forgotten, abandoned |
leaves | left | left | ||
Drain well: Artery, Toggle, up, off, DA, davon-, through, turn, Fahrenheit, fall-, advanced, outdoor, home, manufacturers, downgrades, zoom in , up‑, out‑, near‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, up‑, loose‑, with‑, after‑, (yourself) down‑, stick‑ in‑, left‑ over‑, in front -, by‑, away‑, further‑, let‑ in, leave behind |
lets off | let off | drained | ||
salt | [salt] | [salted] | salted | ||
too salty | [salinated] | [oversalted] | too salty | ||
salting as well: more salt |
[salt] a | [salted] a | salted in | ||
switch | [switches] / switches | [switched] / switched | [switched] / switched | originally a strong verb, today only strong in some regions (especially southern Germany). In particular, the standard language is not correct form switched is still in use. | |
wired as well: boarded |
[wired] / wired | [wired] / wired | [wired] / wired | ||
also switch off : off, on, on, off, in between, through, on, free, equal, up, down, up, one after the other, down, up, after , side by side, side by side, parallel, up, around, forwards, backwards, together, on and in between |
[switches on] / switches on | [switched on] / switched on | [switched on] / switched on | ||
columns | [splits] | [split] | split / [split] | ||
split | [split] | [split] | split up / [split] | ||
split off also: split up, split in two |
[splits] off | [split] off | split off / [split off] |
u - ie - u
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
call | calls | called / ( obsolete: [called]) | called | ||
called also: denied, revoked |
called | called | called | ||
recall also: convoke |
recalled | recalled | recalled | ||
call up as well: on-, up-, off-, in-between-, away-, home-, here-, near-, in-, out-, up-, loose-, after-, down-, awake-, away- , continue, to-, back-, to summon |
retrieves | called from | retrieved |
ä - ie - ā
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
blow | blows / ( outdated: [blows]) | blew | blown | ||
blow around as well: blow, blow |
blows over | blown over | blow around | ||
also blow off : on, open, off, through, in, away, forth, back, up, go, with, around, away, further, to, back , blow together |
blows off | blew off | blown off | ||
roast meat | roast / ( obsolete: [roast]) | fried | fried | ||
over-fry as well: fry |
fried | roasted | over-fry | ||
fry as well: sear, through-, over-fry |
fries off | fried | advised off | ||
grind | [grinds] | [ground] | ground | ||
ground as well: grind |
[married] | [ground] | grind | ||
guess | advises / ( obsolete: [guess]) | advised | devices | ||
advise also: ent‑, er‑, ge‑, betrayed |
advises | advised | to advise | ||
mixed up as well: got into it |
gets confused | got confused | get confused | ||
failed / ( obsolete : failed ) | miss / ( obsolete : miss device) | failed / ( obsolete : failed) | failed / failed | ||
also advise against : on-, go-, with-, continue-, guess together |
advises against | advised against | advised against | ||
but weak: [ marry ] / [ marry ] | [marries] / [marries] | [married] / [married] | [married] / [married] | ||
sleep | sleeps / ( obsolete: [sleeps]) | slept | slept | ||
sleep in the same way: fall asleep, oversleep, oversleep |
asleep | slept | to sleep | ||
sleep in as well: sleep through, fall, after, before, sleep on |
sleeps off | fell asleep | slept in |
Reduplication of the initial consonant in the past tense still exists
present infinitive | 3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres. | 1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät. | Past participle | Comment, meaning | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
to do | does | tat / ( ancient: tet / tat) | done | ||
miss | failed | missed | wasted | ||
also dismiss : to-, to-, by-, to-, to-, away-, equal-, large-, good-, out-, to-, sorry-, with-, beautiful-, bad-, um- , away‑, hurt‑, further‑, well‑, to‑, back‑, together‑, to put forward |
dismisses | dismissed | dismissed |