List of strong verbs (German language)

This is a list of the New High German strong verbs , i.e. those whose forms differ from one another in part in the stem vowel (cf. Ablaut ).

The rough classification is based on the pattern of historical ablaut classes, which are, however, subdivided into the subclasses that exist today.

introduction

Four basic forms are given:

1. Infinitive present tense , same stem as:
   • participle I
   • Subjunctive I.
   • 1st person singular & 1st / 2nd / 3rd Person plural indicative
   • 2nd person singular imperative present tense (except in the 2nd – 5th ablaut class)
   • 2nd person plural imperative present tense
2. 3rd person singular present indicative , same stem as:
   • 2nd person singular present indicative
   • 2nd person singular imperative present tense (in the 2nd – 5th ablaut class)
3. 1st / 3rd Person singular indicative past tense , same stem as:
   • in the whole past tense
   • in the subjunctive II if possible umgelautetem vowel, even in the difficult to classify verbs in the last part of the list; clearly weak verbs are not used; before the dental suffix -t in a conjunctive can -e- inserted are
4. participle II

The following table shows which of the listed stems (1–4), which verb form is the basis for formation, the forms below are shown in bold:

German verb stems

infinitive	Tense	participle	mode	Singular			Plural
				1.	2.	3.	1.	2.	3.
1	Present	1	indicative	1	2	2	1	1	1
			conjunctive	1	1	1	1	1	1
			imperative	1 (2)			1
	preterite	4th	indicative	3	3	3	3	3	3
			conjunctive	3̈	3̈	3̈	3̈	3̈	3̈

Deviating formations are also listed, but usually forms that differ only by an -e- or -et in an unstressed syllable are not listed, e.g. B. go / go, braid / braid; In general, the rule applies that in verb forms with a stem vowel deviating from the infinitive an -e- can always be omitted or inserted in the last syllable, if it is not followed by the dental suffix : Schleußet / Schleußt, lädst / lädest; if this -e- stands between two -s- or between -ß- and -s-, the second of these consonants is suppressed when such a removal takes place : reads / reads, pushes / pushes; the infinitive and the strong participle II can (except for do and sein) always start with a syllable -en or -et: stand / stand, corrupt / corrupt; In poetic language, further abbreviations or insertions are possible.

Verb forms in square brackets mark forms that deviate from the educational scheme (mostly weak formations). Note that the following lists contain some words that differ from standard German !

1. Ablaut class: ei - i (e) - i (e)

ei - ie - ie

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
stay		remains	stayed	stayed / ( obsolete: stayed)
	also omit : remain	is omitted	did not occur	did not occur
	stay up also: off, on, off, together, there, with, on, on, in, on, on, in, far, away, lying, over , away, too, back, stay together	stay up	stayed up	stayed up
thrive		thrives	thrived	thrived	formerly with grammatical change : still as adj .: solid
	adorn	thrives on	thrived	attached
lend		borrows	borrowed	borrowed
	lend also: borrow , lend	loaned	lent	loan
	borrow	borrows	borrowed	borrowed
avoid		avoids	avoided	avoided
	avoid	avoids	avoided	avoided
[ praise ]		[praises]	pries / ( obsolete: [praises])	praised / ( obsolete: [priced])
	[ Praise ] as: high prices	[praises]	praised	touted
	[ praises ]	( unw .: [praise] / [praise praise])	( unw .: [praise] / praised lob)	[praised] / praised
rub		rubs	rubbed	rubbed
	rub in the same way: rub, grind	rubs	rubbed	rubbed
	rub down as well: on‑, on‑, over‑, in‑, over‑, through‑, in‑, after‑, in‑, dry‑, rubbing past	rubs off	rubbed off	rubbed off
rows		lines up	rieh	moved	'Certain way of sewing'
divorce		part	divorced	divorced	actually with former perfect duplication , see 7th grade
	modest also: ent-, under-, differing (still as adj .: modest )	humble	decided	decided
	depart also: depart, depart, depart	separates	said goodbye	deposited
seem to be		seems	seemed / ( rarely: [seemed])	appeared / ( rarely: [appeared])
	also shine : appear	shines	shamed	illuminated
	also appear : on it, on it, on it, in it, through, down, up, up, in	appears	appeared on	appeared
[ snow ] / [ snow ]		[snowing] / [snowing]	snow / [snow] / [snow]	[snowed] / [snowed] / snowed
	[ Artificial snow ] / [ beschneen ] as: [verschneen] / [-schneien]	[snowed] / [snowed]	snowed / [snowed] / [snowed]	[snowed] / [snowed] / snowed
	[ In Schneen ] / [ must come home ] as: [purely Schneen] / [-schneien]	[snowing] / [snowing in]	snows / [snowed] / [snowed] in	[snowed in] / [snowed in] / snowed in
write		writes	wrote	written
	also describe : over-, around-, under-, prescribing	describes	described	described
	also write down : on-, on-, off-, therefore-, next-, on-, on-, above-, below-, on-, on-, on-, above-, underneath-, one-, large- , well‑, out‑, down‑, small‑, sick‑, with‑, after‑, down‑, out‑, in‑, beautiful‑, around‑, one another-, full‑, before‑, further‑, to -, write back - together	copy	copied	written off
scream		screams	screamed	screamed
	scream also: scream	cries out	described	shouted at
	also yell at : up, out, in, in, against, down, up, out, in, around, down, out, go, down, up, out , in, around, down, back, screaming together	yells at	yelled at	yelled at
remain silent		is silent	was silent	kept silent
	geschweigen well: silent	to say nothing	kept silent	kept silent
	to keep silent as well: to be silent, to be silent	is silent	kept silent	kept silent
	but faktitiv weak: [ mention ] / [ geschweigen ]	[silent] / [silent]	[kept silent] / [kept silent]	[silent]
spit		spits	spit / [speite]	spit / [spit]
	spit also: spit on	spanked	spit / [spit]	spit / [spit]
	also spit on : spit out, into, thrown in, in, in, spit in	spits on	spat / [speite]	spat at / [spat at]
[ dine ]		[feeds]	spies / [dined]	[fed] / fed
	[ eat ]	[eaten]	verspies / [eaten]	[eaten] / fed
	[to feed ] also: to feed	[feeds off]	fished off / [fished off]	[fed] / fished off
climb		increases	rose	gone up
	also climb : descend, over-, ascend (oneself)	mounts	mounted	climbed
	descend as well: climb up, up, out, in, above, below, in, above, below, in, up, against, down, up, out, around. , down‑, out‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, down‑, away‑, up‑, after‑, up‑, out‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, to‑ get‑ back	descends	descended	descended
float		drives	drove	driven
	operate in the same way: through, behind, over, under, sell	operates	business	operated
	abortion as well: Toggle, up, off, dahin-, davon-, through, turn, entgegen-, advanced, manufacturers, downgrades, up-, challenges, herbei- above, around, down- , out‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, forward, forward, past -, past‑, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, to pull together	drives off	drifted off	aborted
[ show ]		[shows]	pointed / ( obsolete: [pointed])	used / ( obsolete: [used])
	[ prove ] also: he-, over-, under-, referring	[proves]	proved	proven
	[ reject ] also: to-, up-, out-, there-, there-, in-, away-, here-, here-, there-, after-, for-, away-, further-, to-, correct-, reject	[rejects]	refused	rejected
draw		draws	pull / [pull]	pulled	formerly with grammatical change
	forgive as well: forgive	pardons	related / [assigned]	Respectively

ei / ö - i - i

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
bite		bites	bite	bitten
	bite as well: bite	bitter	dogged	dogged
	Bite off as well: on-, on-, off-, on-, in-, on-, in-, through-, firmly- out-, around-, in-, loose-, out-, in-, around- , dead, to, back, bite together	bites off	bit off	bitten off
bleaching		bleaches	usually	bleached
	pale as well: fade	pale	hereditary	hereditary
	bleach	fades	pale from	faded
	but weak: [ bleach ]	[bleaches]	[bleached]	[bleached]	Factual : 'make pale'
	[ fade ]	[fades]	[faded]	[faded]
same		equals	equal / ( obsolete: [equal])	equalized / ( outdated .: [equalized])	Intransitive
	settle as well: compare	settled	settled	settled
	adjust also: adjust, balance	aligns	matched	matched
	but factually ('do the same', especially craftsmanship) mostly weak: [ same ]	[equals]	[equal]	[equal]
slide		slides	slid / [slid]	slid / [slid]
	slip away	slips away	slipped / [slipped]	slipped away / [slipped away]
	slide down as well: slide out , along, down, down	slides off	slipped / [slid] off	slipped / [slipped]
to grab		engages	Handle	seized
	understand likewise: er-, um-, attack (oneself)	understand	term	understood
	tap as: Toggle, up, off, daneben-, darein-, drein-, through, mono-, miscarriage, downgrades, up-, challenges, departures, hinab-, ascend, hinaus- to reach into, into one another, over, forward, too, back	picks up	picked up	tapped
	misappropriating	misguided	mistake	missed
nag		nags	kiff / kief / [barked]	[kicked] / weeded / kicked
	nip off	grabs	kiff / [barked]	[pecked] / popped
pinch		pinches	pinched	pinched
	hold back	pinches	pinched	pinched
	pinch off as well: pinch into it, into it, into it, into it, shut it up	pinches off	pinched off	pinched off
pubs		pinches	snap / [snap]	pinched / [pinched]
	Pinch off as well: into it, into it, into it, into it, pinch it together	picks up	snap / [snap] off	cut off / [cut off]
to tear		wriggles	kriss / [wrinkled]	[torn] / ( obsolete : torn)
crook / screech		cries / screeches	krisch / [screeched]	screeched / [screeched]
	but in fact only weak: [ crook ] / [ shriek ]	[screeching] / [screeching]	[screeched] / [screeched]	[crooked] / [screeched]
	[ abkröschen ] / [ abkröschen ]	[screeches] / [screeches off]	[screeched] / [screeched]	[screeched] / [screeched]
Suffer		suffers	suffered	suffered	with grammatical alternation
	suffer also: suffer	suffered	suffered	suffered
	pity	suffers with	suffered with	along with it
	but weak: [to spoil ]	[spoiled]	[disgraced]	[spoiled]
Pipes		whistles	whistle / ( singular: [whistle])	whistled / ( isolated: [whistled])
	whistle	whistled	whistled	whistled
	whistle as well: whistle to , off, go, with, after, back, whistle together	whistles	whistled	whistled
tear		rips	crack	cracked
	snatch as: over-, environmentally, comparable, tear	snatches	snatched away	snatched away
	also tear off : on, up, out, apart, in, in, in, in half, away, down, out, in, over, around, down, over , down‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, up‑, go‑, with‑, down‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, away‑, back -, stay calm	rips off	ripped off	tore off
horse riding		rode	ride	ridden
	ride out as well: out‑, against‑, therefore‑, over‑, over‑, away‑, over‑, against‑, away‑ up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, coming‑ in‑ , over‑, around‑, down‑, out‑, home‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, in‑, up‑, go‑, with -, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, forward, past‑, away‑, on‑, to‑ ride, back	rides off	rode off	ridden
shit		craps	shit	shit
	shit as well: shit	shit	crappy	crappy
	shit off	shit off	fucking off	shit
	also shit : shit off, down, full, shit together	shits at	shit	pissed off
to sneak		sneaks	crept	crept
	to creep in as well: to creep around	creeps up	crept up	creeping up
	creeping up (oneself) likewise: there-, away-, in-, towards-, approach-, out-, in-, around-, out-, in-, after-, approach-, out-, in-, around- , around-, sneak away	sneaks up on	crept up to	crept up
grind		grinds	cut	ground
	grind	looped	sanded	sanded
	grinding as well: grinding in, fine grinding	grinds	sanded off	sanded off
wear		wears	shut up	worn out	Intransitive
	wear out as well: wear out	wears out	worn out	worn	Intransitive
	but: [ wear ]	[wears]	[wore] / wore	[worn] / worn	Factitive
throw		throws	threw	thrown	also in the meaning of 'shit' , cf. below
	to throw at well: in pieces	cheated	humiliated	shit
	also throw at : against-, in-, against-, up-, in-, out-, out-, up-, out-, in-, after-, up-, out-, in-, around-, away- to throw back together	kick off	kicked off	kicked
	but weak: [ throw ]	[throws]	[threw]	[thrown]	of insects : ' lay eggs ', from wild hunterspr. also: 'shit'
to cut		cuts	cut	cut	with grammatical alternation
	also circumcise : through, over, under, over, cut	circumcised	circumcised	circumcised
	also cut off : on, on, out, apart, in, in, through, in, in half, away, out, small, with, out, in, away , trim, trim, cut back	cuts off	cut off	cut off
stride		strides	step	paced
	walk in the same way: through, over, around, undercut	treads	trod	trodden
	Pace off well: off, dahin-, daraus-, darein-, davon-, dazu-, draus-, drein-, one-, einher-, advanced, manufacturers, downgrades, zoom in, up-, challenges , approach‑, in‑, up‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, in‑, run‑ in‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, walk around	steps off	step off	paced off
splice		splices	split ends	split	especially north German, obsolete
	splice	spliced	split up	splintered
	splicing as well: splicing in two	splits off	split off	ripped off
to brush		deletes	stroked	painted
	stroke also: over-, around-, under-, pass over	coated	smeared	coated
	also wipe off : on-, on-, off-, there-, on-, on-, out-, above-, under-, on-, on-, out-, over-, underneath-, through-, on- , out‑, around‑, out‑, out‑, out‑, around‑, over‑, around‑, past‑, away‑, close‑ together	crosses off	struck off	struck off
fight		argues	quarreled	quarreled
	also deny : er‑, um‑, against‑, quarrel (yourself)	denies	denied	disputed
	deny	denies	denied	denied
give way		gives way	gave way	gave way
	escape	escapes	escaped	escaped
	deviate as well: evade, move away, move away, retreat	differs from	deviated	deviated

2nd Ablaut class: äu / eu - o - o

äu / eu - ō - ō

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
to bend		[bends]	bent	bent
	bend	[bends]	bent	bent
	turn as well: by‑, through‑, in‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, around‑, down‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑ , down‑, run‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, away‑, straighten‑, back‑, bend together	[turns	turned	turned
Offer		booty / [offers]	bot	required
	also offer : offer , over-, under-, forbid, obsolete: offer	disguises / [disbids]	offered	delivered
	also offer : up, off, against, offer, for sale, bid	beut / [offers]	offered	offered
	but: [ capture ]	[captured]	[captured]	[captured]
	[ exploit ]	[he exploits]	[exploited]	[exploited]
to fly		fleugt ( fals .: fleucht) / [flies]	flew	flown	In the phrase 'everything that creeps and flies' there is a widespread false form of flies
	also fly : through-, out-, over-, around-, under-, fly away	authorized / flooded / [escaped]	flew	flown over
	also fly off : towards-, up-, out-, apart-, against-, therefore-, there-, out-, in-, over-, away-, out-, in-, over-, in-, against- , away, up, down, coming, up, out, coming, in, over, around, down, home, down, down, up, out, added -, in‑, over‑, down‑, up‑, go‑, with‑, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, past‑, fly away, farther, to, back	flew / flew / [flies] away	flew off	flew off
flee		flees / [flees]	escaped	fled
	escape	escapes / [escapes]	escaped	escaped
freeze		is happy / [freezes]	froze	frozen	formerly with grammatical change
	also freeze to death : through-, ge‑, over‑, freeze	pleased / [freezes]	froze to death	frozen to death
	to freeze off as well: to freeze, to freeze, to freeze	is pleased / [freezes]	froze off	frozen off
love		[loves]	klob	pegged	Austrian, southern German
( obsolete : kiesen )		[gravel]	kor	chosen	with grammatical alternation
	sound out	( outdated .: [erkiest])	selected	chosen
	( outdated .: auserkiesen )	( obsolete : kicks off)	( outdated .: selected off)	chosen
to lose		[loses]	lost	lost	formerly with grammatical change
lie / ( obsolete: lie )		lies / [lies]	log	lied
	lie also: lie	lies to / [lies]	lied to	lied to
	to lie also: to lie	lies / [lies]	log on	lied to
push		[pushes]	pushed	pushed
	override also: move	[overtakes]	pushed over	pushed over
	push also: against-, on-, against each other, apart-, against-, on-, on-, above-, below-, in front of-, on-, on-, above-, underneath-, through-, on- , away‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, out‑, up‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, out‑ in‑ in -, over‑, down‑, up‑, into each other, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, under‑, forward, past‑, away‑, further, close, back, push together	[pushes] off	pushed off	deported
rush		[throws]	stob	started
	dissipate as well: dissolve	[passed away]	passed away	passed away
	split apart	[breaks] apart	fell apart	diverged
to deceive / ( obs .: to deceive )		true / [false] / ( obsolete : false)	trough	deceived
	to cheat as well: to cheat	supervised / [cheats]	cheated	cheated
	cheat	looks after / [cheats] from	deceived	betrayed
pull		pulls / pulls	pulled	drawn	with grammatical alternation
	relate in the same way: through-, ent-, er-, behind-, over-, under-, pardon, execute	bezeucht / [relates]	related	based
	also pull off : on-, on-, off-, at-, there-, on-, on-, out of-, in-, over-, under-, away-, on-, on-, out-, in- , over-, underneath-, through-, in-, along-, firm-, away-, equal-, large-, up-, down-, up-, up-, out-, near-, in-, across -, around‑, down‑, out‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, up‑, up‑, down‑, with‑, after‑, down‑, ran, up, out, in, over, around, down, tight, over, around, around, in front, over, over, away, further, to , pull back, pull together	withdraws / [withdraws]	withdrew	deducted
	include	bezucht / [involves]	included	included
	withdraw	educates / [educates]	raised	withdrawn
	understand as well: attract, re-educate	full / [follow]	followed	understood

äu / eu - ŏ - ŏ

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
annoyed		annoyed / [annoyed]	annoyed	disgruntled
flow		flows / [flows]	raft	flowed
	flow through in the same way: over‑, around‑, dissipate, flow away	flows through / [flows through]	flowed through	flowed through
	also drain : out‑, there‑, out‑, in‑, above‑, under‑, away‑, in‑ out‑, out‑ in‑, over‑, under‑, through‑, in‑, away‑, out‑ , down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑, out‑, down‑, down‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, down‑ in‑ one, in ‑ in‑, out ‑ in ‑ in -, over‑, down‑, over‑, around‑, past‑, past‑, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, flow together	flows away	flowed off	drained
to water		poured / [poured]	poured	poured
	pour over also: breathe, er-, over-, shed	watered / [watered]	doused	doused
	pour also: on-, out-, next-, out of-, on-, in-, over-, in-, out-, on-, in-, over-, in-, away-, down-, out- in, down, down, down, out, in, down, after, out, in, down, around, away, back, pour together	poured / [pours] off	poured off	poured off
crawl / crawl		creeps / [creeps] / creeps / [creeps]	crawled	crawled
	to hide away	creeps / [creeps] (itself)	crept away	hid
	crawl along as well: on it, on it, out of it, in it, above, below it, away, on it, on it, on it, out of it, in it, over it, under it, through, away , up, down, up, up, out, near, in, across, around, down, out, down, down, down, up, up, out -, in‑, over‑, down‑, add‑, go‑, after‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, around‑, under‑, away‑, crawl further, back	creeps / [crawls] along	crawled there	crawled along
enjoy		enjoyed / [enjoyed]	enjoyed	enjoyed
smell		[smells]	smelled	smelled
	smell as well: er-, smell	[smelled]	smelled	smelled
	smell out as well: smell out, out, bad smell	[smells] out	smelled off	ripped out
drink		drinks / ( obsolete: [drinks])	drank	drunk
	get drunk in the same way: er-, drunk	drunk (himself)	drunk	drunk
	drown as: Toggle, export, transit above, around, blanks, with, rum, more booze	drowns	drunk off	drowned
	but: [ drown ]	[drowns]	[drowned]	[drowns]	Factitive
suck		[sucks] / ( obsolete: sucks)	[sucked] / so-called	[sucked] / sucked
	suction also: on-, on-, off-, out of-, in-, out-, in-, in-, (yourself) firmly-, away-, out-, in-, out-, in-, out- to suck in, full, away	[sucks]	[sucked] / sucked off	[sucked off] / sucked off
	but: [ suckle ]	[suckles]	[suckled]	[suckled]	Factitive
shoot		shies / [shoots]	lap	shot
	also shoot at : er-, over-, over-, shooting	bombarded / [bombarded]	shot at	shot at
	also shoot : at-, up-, out-, over-, next-, in-, over-, under-, in front of-, in-, over-, underneath-, through-, one-, in two-, wrong- , away, free, up, down, up, up, out, in, over, around, down, out, down, down, up, out, in -, over‑, down‑, up‑, sick‑, empty‑, go‑, after‑, down‑, cross‑, ran‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, around‑, down‑, dead, forward, past, away, further, backward, shoot together	shots / [shoots]	shot down	shot down
conclude		locks / [closes]	lock	closed
	decide in the same way: (oneself) un-, he-, um-, close	he decides / [decides]	decided	decided
	also close : connect, open, close, in, away, short, away, close, back, join together	he closes / closes	completed	completed
snort / ( landsch .: sniff / sniff )		[snorts] / ( landsch .: [sniff] / [sniff])	schnob / [snorted] / ( countrysch .: [sniffed] / [sniffed)]	[sniffed] / ( landsch .: [sniffed] / [sniffed)] / ( unw .: sniffed)
	to snort at	snorts	sniffed	sniffed at
boil		[boils]	sott / [boiled]	boiled / [boiled]	with grammatical alternation
	simmered	[differentiated]	soothed / [boiled]	soot [boiled]
	but: ( eg. a fireplace) [ furring ]	[soiled]	[soothed]	[soiled]
sprout		sprouts / [sprouts]	scion	sprouted
	sprout likewise: sprout	corresponds / [sprouts]	sprouted	sprouted
	spring up as well: sprout	sprouts / [sprouts]	sprout	sprouted
ooze		meets / [drips]	dripped / [dripped]	[deepened] / ( obsolete: hit)
	to drain	descends / [drips] from	dripped / dripped off	[retrieved]

3rd Ablaut class: i - a / o / u - o / u

i - a / u - u

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
tie		binds	band / waistband	bound
	also give birth : under-, connect	gives birth	delivered / delivered	delivered
	tie in the same way: to-, up-, in front of-, one-, down-, up-, loose-, around-, to-, back-, tie together	binds	tied off	tied
brinn		burns	burned	well	see. burn under the backward verbs
	to escape as well: to spend	escapes	arose	well up
	burn off also: on, off, through, down, continue to burn	burns off	burned down	drained off
[ things ]		[thing]	[dingte] / dang / ( obsolete: dung)	hired
	[ condition ] likewise: to hire	[conditional]	conditional / [conditional]	[conditional] / conditional
	[ Stipulate ]	[conditionally] off	conditional / ( obsolete: [conditional]) from	[conditional] / conditional
penetrate		penetrates	urge / urge	squat	transitive and intransitive
	penetrate likewise: displace	penetrates	penetrated / penetrated	penetrated	transitive
	to push away in the same way: on, through, in, forwards, to penetrate	escapes	urge / urged	forced out
	but: [ push ]	[urges]	[urged]	[urged]	transitive
	[ pressurize ] also: suppress	[pressured]	[harassed]	[pressured]
	[ push away ] also: up-, in-between-, after-, pushing away	[urges]	[pushed away]	[pushed away]
Find		finds	found (they found / found)	found / ( obsolete : found)
	are also: emp‑, invent	is located	found (they found / ( obsolete .: found))	found
	accept as well: on‑, (oneself) in‑, (oneself) in‑, (oneself) in‑, her‑ out‑, out‑, out‑, out‑, instead‑, forward‑, again‑, right‑, back‑ , come together	resigns	accepted	resigned
sound		sounds	sound	sounded
	also sound : fade away	sounds	rang out	sounded
	also decay : on, off, with, lingering	dies away	sounded off	to subside
	go wrong	does not sound	discord	failed / failed
	but weak: (glasses) [ sound ]	[sounds]	[sounded]	[sounded]	,nudge'
success		succeed	succeeded	succeeded
	fail / ( obsolete : fail )	fails / ( obsolete : failed)	failed / ( obsolete: failed )	unsuccessful / unsuccessful
wrestle		wrestles	rank	struggled
	win	wins	won	won
	wrestle in the same way: out-, through-, wrestle down	struggles	urged	wrested
[ flay ]		[grinds]	rubbish / [rubbish]	battered
	[ shred ]	[disintegrates]	shredded / [shredded]	battered
loop		loops	snake / ( obsolete : schlung)	looped	originally two different verbs, mhd. slingen and slinden
	embrace likewise: devour	wraps around	embraced	embraced
	to gobble down likewise: gobble down	loops down	snaked down	swallowed down
dwindle		disappears	dwindled / ( obsolete : dwindled)	dwindled
	vanish as: disappear	disappears	disappeared	vanished
	fade away as well: fade away	disappears	disappeared	disappeared
swing		swings	swing / swing	swung
	afford	swings	aggravated / aggravated	swung
	to swerve (oneself) likewise: up, out, in, out, up, up, with, after, away, further, back	swings down	swung / swing (yourself) from	swung down
to sing		sings	sang (they sang / sang)	sung
	also sing about : sing	sings about	sang (they sang about / sang about)	sung about
	Sing also: along-, on-, loose-, along-, after-, for-, continue to sing	sings off	sang (they sang / sang)	sung
sink		sinks	sank	decreased
	sink in	sinks	sank	sunk
	sink in the same way: in, down, down, down, away, back, sinking down	sinks	sank	sunk
leap		jumps	jumped	jumped
	also jump : jump up, jump over, jump over	jumped	sprinkled	jumped
	also jump off : on-, up-, by-, against-, in front of-, in-, away-, forward-, out-, back-, out-, through-, up-, up-, after-, over- to jump forwards, away, backwards	jumps off	jumped off	jumped off
stink		smells bad	stank	stunk
	drown	he stinks	died away	drowned
	also drop off : an-, therefore-, continue to stink	stinks	stank	stunk
drink		drinks	drank	drank
	to get drunk as well: to drown	gets drunk	got drunk	drunk
	Drink up (something) in the same way: drink out of, mixed up, loose, with, after, around, to drink	drinks (something)	drank (himself something)	drunk
	but: [ soak ] also: through-, drown	[soaks]	[soaked]	[soaked]	Factitive
squirm		winds	wall	tortuous
	wriggle out in the same way: over-, around-, twist	escapes	escaped	unwound
	wind up in the same way: wind out, out, wind up	winds up	walled up	wound up
	but: [ wind ]	[winds]	[wound]	[threaded]	'Wind goes' / 'carried by the wind'
	[ wind away ]	[winds away]	[wriggled away]	[threaded away]
beckon		[waves]	[waved]	[waved] / waved (colloquial)
	Waving away as well: through, approaching, out, approaching, in, following, passing, waving	[waves away]	[waved off]	[angled] / angled
wring		wrestles	wrangle	wrung
	wring out	wring out	wrung out	wrung out
to force		forces	force	forced
	conquer as well: force	conquers	conquered	conquered
	forcing also: forcing in, down, back, forcing	forces on	forced on	imposed

i - a / o - o

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
bark ( Ind .: I bill / [ bark ])		billt / [barks]	boll / [barked]	[barked] / barked
	to bark ( Ind .: I bark / [bark])	cheaper / [barks]	verboll / [barked]	[barks] / forbidden
	to abbellen ( Ind .: I bill / [belle] ab) also: to bark on, off, loose	approves / [barks]	boll / [barked] off	[peeled off] / peeled off
bergen ( Ind .: ich birg / [berge])		conceals	barg	salvaged
	to hide ( Ind .: I hide / [hide])	hides	hid	hidden
burst ( Ind .: I burst / [burst])		bursts	borst / burst	burst
	burst ( Ind .: I burst / [burst])	bursts	burst / burst	shattered
	durchbersten ( Ind. : I burst / [Bursting] by) as well: entzweibersten	bursts through	borst / burst through	burst through
to spoil ( Ind .: I spoil / [spoil])		spoils	spoiled ( conj. : pit of corruption)	spoiled
	but in fact : [ spoil ]	[corrupted] / corrupted	[corrupt] / spoiled ( conj. : corruptly / pit of corruption)	[corrupted] / corrupted
threshing / threshing ( Ind .: I threshing / [threshing / threshing])		threshes	thrashing / thrashing	threshed
	threshing / threshing ( Ind .: I threshing / [threshing / threshing])	thrashed	thrashed / thrashed	beat up
	thresh through / through through ( Ind .: I thresh / [thresh / thresh] through) also: thresh out, in, off	thrashes through	thrash / thrash through	thrashed through
fencing ( Ind .: I fencing / [fencing])		fights	fought	fought
	fight through ( Ind .: I fight through / [fight through]) also: er-, defend	throughficht	fought through	fought through
	contest ( Ind .: I contest / [contest]) as well: out-, through-, along-, further-fight	contests	challenged	challenged
braid ( Ind .: I braid / [braid])		braids	braided	braided
	interweave as well: un-, um-, intertwine ( Ind .: I durchflicht / [durchflechte])	thorough	braided	braided
	weave through as well: weave in, further-, weave together ( Ind . : I weave / [weave] through)	weaves through	braided through	braided
apply ( Ind .: I apply / [apply])		applies	was ( conj. : gölte / would apply)	applied
	remunerate as well: remunerate ( Ind .: I remunerated / [remunerated])	repaid	entgalt ( conj. : entgölte / entgälte)	paid
	pay off ( Ind .: I apply / [apply] from)	Shall apply from	was from ( conj. : gölte / would apply ab)	compensated
kick off		begins	began / ( veralt .: [begonnte]) ( conj. : begönne / would begin)	began
glow		glows	glowed / [glowed]	[glimmered] / glimmered
	glow in the same way: glow out	glows	glowed / [glowed]	[glowed] / glowed
	Glimmer also: glow	glows	glowed / [glowed] down	[calibrated] / calibrated
help ( Ind .: I help / [help])		helps	helped ( conj. : heal / one-half)	helped / ( aux. also: help)
	to help ( Ind .: I help / [help] (me)) also: to help	helps (himself)	behalf (to) ( conj. : behülfe / (behälfe located))	help
	help ( Ind .: I help / [help] from) also: up-, out-, through-, out-, away-, up-, with-, after-, help out	helps	remedied ( conj. : heal / one half ab)	remedied
climb		climbs	klomm / ( obsolete: [klimmte])	[climbed] / climbed
	durchklimmen as: ER, überklimmen	climbs through	durchklomm / ( outdated .: [durchklimmte])	[climbed through] / climbed through
	climb up	climbs up	klomm / ( obsolete: [klimmte]) up	[climbed up] / climbed up
delete / ( obsolete : delete ) ( Ind .: ich lisch / [delete])		disappears / [deletes]	erase / [erased]	deleted / [deleted]	Intransitive
	to go out ( Ind .: I go out / [go out]) likewise: go out	goes out	went out	extinguished
	but only weakly: [ delete ] also: [delete]	[deleted]	[deleted]	Factitive
	[ extinguish ] also: extinguish	[erases]	[extinguished]	[deleted]
milking ( Ind .: I milk / [milking])		milks / [milks]	milk	milked
	continue milking ( Ind .: I milk / [milk] further)	milks / [milks] on	continue to milk	milked on
[ swell ] / swell		quillt / ( obsolete: [quellet])	welled	swollen
	[ swell ] / swell	swelled	swollen	swollen
	[ Aufquillen ] / swell as: off, challenges, herein-, hervor-, overflowing	swells up	swelled up	swollen
run down		runs	ran ( conj. : Ronne / ränne)	curdled
	flow through also: escape, flow, flow away	trickles through	ran through ( conj. : by Ronne / durchränne)	run through
	flow through also: away, down, away, further, back, flowing together	runs through	ran through ( conj. : Ronne / ränne by)	congealed
[ sound ]		[sounds]	scholl / [echoed]	clumped / [sounded]	strong pret. / Part. II : see smash
	[ covered ]	[sonicated]	lost / [disguised]	lost
	[ counter-echo ] also: echo back	echoes against	scholl / [echoed] against	clumped against / [sounded against]
shatter		[shattered]	[shattered]	shattered / [shattered]	formerly 1st Ablaut class
scold ( Ind .: I scold / [scold])		scolds	switching ( conj. : scold / peeling)	scolded
	scold ( Ind .: I scold / [scold])	scolded	switching from ( conj. : scold / peeled off)	scolded
to melt ( Ind .: I melt / [melt])		melts	melted	melted
	merge ( Ind .: I merge / [merge])	merges	merged	merged
	melt as: dahin-, through, turn, continued, back, path, melt together ( Ind. : I Melt / [melt] ab)	melts off	melted away	melted off
to swell ( Ind .: I swell / [swell])		swells	swelled	swollen
	swell ( Ind .: I swell / [swell])	swells up	swollen	swollen
	swell also: swell up, swell up, swell up ( Ind . : I swell / [swell] down)	swells	swelled up	swollen
swim		swims	swam / swam	swam
	swim through likewise: around-, blur	swims through	swam through / through	swam through
	swim in the same way: against-, along-, through-, in-, against-, away-, (yourself) free-, here-, home-, out-, out-, over-, up-, go-, with- to swim after, forwards, past, away, further, back	swims	swam / swam on	swam up
ponder		muses	thought	minded
	reflect (oneself) in the same way: (oneself) escape, invent	thinks about	thought about	prudent
	outwardly as well: meditate	thinks up	thought out	thought out
be crazy		crazy	Spann ( conj. : spönne / spänne)	spun
	spin through as well: un-, um-, spin	spins	spun by ( conj. : durchspönne / durchspänne)	spun through
	Spinning also: on, off, away, on, spinning	spun off	spun off ( conj. : spönne / spänne ab)	spun off
to die ( Ind .: I die / [die])		dies	died ( conj. : die / stärbe)	died
	to die ( Ind .: I die / [ die ]) also: to die	he dies	died ( conj. : would die / erstärbe)	died
	to die off ( Ind .: I die / [die] from) also: die out , go away, go away, die away	dies	died from ( conj. : die / stärbe ab)	dead
advertise ( Ind .: I advertise / [advertise])		advertises	recruited ( conj. : würbe / wärbe / wörbe)	advertised
	apply ( Ind .: I apply / [apply]) also: er-, woo	applies	applied ( conj. : bewürbe / bewärbe / bewörbe)	Applied
	recruit ( Ind .: I recruit / [ recruit ]) as well as: recruit	advertises	wörb ab ( conj . : wörbe / wörbe / wörbe ab)	poached
be ( Ind. : I will / [will], you will)		becomes	ward / became ( conj .: would)	become / ( va aux .: become )
	get rid of ( Ind .: I will / [will] get rid of, you will get rid of)	gets going	was / got rid of ( conj .: would go on)	got rid of
throw ( Ind .: I throw / [throw])		throws	threw ( conj. : litters / wärfe)	thrown
	to throw ( Ind .: I throw / [throw]) also: ent‑, (oneself) over‑, under‑, reject	throws at	pelted ( conj. : grouts / bewärfe)	thrown at
	throw off ( Ind .: I throw / [throw off]) also: on-, on-, off-, against-, before-, in-, against-, away-, around-, towards-, out-, after- , over‑, down‑, up‑, after‑, down‑, over‑, around‑, forward‑, past‑, away‑, up‑, back‑, throw together	throws off	threw off ( conj. : throws / wärfe ab)	thrown off
win		wins	won ( conj. : shall gain / would win)	won
	to win also: to regain, to win back	wins	won from ( conj. : shall gain / would gain from)	won

4. Ablaut class: i (e) / ö - a / o - o

i (e) / ö - a - o

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
to give birth ( Ind .: I give birth / [give birth])		gives birth / [gives birth]	gave birth	born
break ( Ind .: I break / [break])		breaks	broke	Broken
	break ( Ind. : I dig now / [break through]) as: ER, Ge, bottom, comparable, break	breaks through	broke through	broken through
	break off ( Ind .: I break off / [break off]) as well: at-, up-, out-, apart-, through-, in-, in-, split-, away-, out-, in-, down-, out- , go-, after-, down-, turn-, away-, collapse	breaks off	broke up	canceled
	but weak: [ cancel ]	[break off]	[cancel]	[canceled]	'Finish breaking the flax'
	[ wheel break ]	[radebrecht]	[radebrechte]	[straight]
command ( Ind .: I command / [command]) also: recommend		commands	ordered ( conj. : beföhle / befähle)	ordered
	to command ( Ind .: I command / [command])	commands	ordered from ( conj. : beföhle / befähle ab)	commanded
	recommend ( Ind .: I recommend / [recommend] to) also: recommend	recommends	recommended in ( conj. : empföhle / empfähle at)	recommended
come		comes / [comes] ( Imp .: come)	came	came
	get as well: escape, over, degenerate	He bekömmt / receive ( Imp. : bekomm)	got	to get
	get lost as well: up, to, through, afloat, free, out, in, down, down, up, small, loose, with, away, again, got back	He bekömmt / get from ( Imp. : bekomm ab)	got off	to get
	Agreements as well: on-, on-, off-, by-, therefore-, behind-, away-, to-, in between-, through-, up-, towards-, along-, away-, free-, equal- , home‑, up‑, up‑, up‑, out‑, over‑, down‑, over‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, away‑, up‑, up‑, go‑, with‑, after‑ -, down‑, over‑, around‑, around‑, under‑, ahead‑, ahead‑, past‑, away‑, further‑, again‑, to‑, benefit, get along‑, back‑, come together	comes / [comes] from ( Imp .: come from)	came off	got lost
take ( Ind .: I take / [take])		takes	took	taken
	behave in the same way: ent-, over-, under-, hear ( Ind .: I behave / [behave])	behaves	behaved	dazed
	also decrease : on-, on-, off-, through-, in-, against-, firmly-, away-, free-, home-, here-, out-, in-, out-, up-, with- , part‑, evil‑, forward‑, ahead‑, away‑, to‑, back‑, collect ( Ind .: I take / [take] down)	decreases	lost weight	removed
[ scare ] / [ scare ] ( Ind .: I scare / [scare] / [scare])		scares / [scares] / [scares]	frightened / [frightened] / [frightened]	frightened / [frightened] / [frightened]	Intransitive
	erschröcken / scare ( Ind. : I dismayed / [erschröcke] / [troubled]) as: scare ( intransitive )	frightened	startled	frightened
	aufschröcken / startle ( Ind. : I schrick / [Schröcke] / [cringe] on) as well: high, back, wince ( intransitive )	gives a start	started	startled
	but transitive weakly: [ schröcken ] / [ shy ]	[scares] / [scares]	[scared] / [scared]	[scared] / [scared]
	[ Erschröcken ] / [ scare ] as: verschröcken / scare of	[scared] / [scared]	[startled] / [startled]	[scared] / [scared]
	[ abschröcken ] / [ deterring ] also: abschröcken / -schrecken	[scares] / [scares off]	[scared] / [scared off]	[deterred] / [deterred]
to speak ( Ind .: I speak / [speak])		speaks	spoke ( conj. : spröche / speaking)	spoken
	discuss ( Ind .: I discuss / [discuss]) also: correspond, over-, promise, contradict	discusses	discussed	discussed
	to agree ( Ind .: I speak / [speak] from) also: speak to, speak out , for, through, free, around, go, with, after, before, continue, speak	speaks from	agreed	agreed
sting ( Ind .: I sting / [ sting ])		stings	stung	stung
	bribe ( Ind .: I bribe / [bribe]) also: through-, er-, stabbing	captivates	bribed	bribed
	cut off ( Ind .: I cut off / [cut off]) also: cut in, cut out, stand out, loosely, after-, down-, around-, to-, cut back	stands out	stabbed	cut off
[ stuck ]		[plugged]	stuck / [stuck]	stocked / [stuck]	Intransitive
	but in fact only weak: [ stuck ] also: hide	[plugged]	[stuck]	[plugged]
	[ stretch ]	[He's stuck]	[stretched]	[He's stuck]
	[ stake out ] also: plug in, on, off, through, in, away, out, away, back in	[marks]	[staked out]	[staked]
steal ( Ind .: I steal / [steal])		[steals]	steel ( conj. : stöhle / steels)	stolen
	steal ( Ind .: I steal / [insist])	[steals]	stole ( conj. : bestähle / ( veralt .: bestöhle))	robbed
	to steal away ( Ind .: I steal / [steal] (myself) from it) as well: (away), away-, back-, steal together	[steals] from it	steel (to) thereof ( conj. : stöhle / (steels itself) thereof)	stole away
meet ( Ind .: I meet / [meet])		meets	met	met
	concern ( Ind .: I concern / [concern]) also: exceed	concerns	concerned	affected
	to meet ( Ind .: I meet / [meet]) also: to-, to-, to- , to meet	meets	met	encountered

ie - o - o

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
ferment		[ferment]	brat	fermented	formerly 5th Ablaut class and with grammatical change
	ferment	[fermented]	fermented	fermented
	[ ferment ]	[ferment]	[ferment]	[fermented]	va transferred and factual
conceal		[concealed]	[concealed]	[concealed] / ( adj .: concealed)
to shear ( Ind .: I shear / [shear])		shears / [shears]	sheared	sheared
	but: [ (oneself) to shear ] also: (oneself) away, shear away (oneself)	[shears (yourself)] ( Imp .: [shear] / sheer (you))	[didn't care]	[sheared]	,to get away'
	[ give ]	[gives]	[gave]	[gives]
	[ pull out ]	[shears out]	[sheared out]	[sheared out]
to swear ( Ind .: I difficult / [swear])		swells / [swells]	[blackened] / swore	[sworn] / sworn
weigh		[weighs] / ( obsolete: weighs)	[weighed] / weighed	[weighed] / weighed	(formerly 5th Ablaut class, see (yourself) daring )
weave		[weaves]	wob / [wove]	[woven] / woven	formerly 5th Ablaut class
	also weave through : weave	[interwoven]	interwoven / [interwoven]	[interwoven] / interwoven
	weave in	[weaves] in	wob / [wove] in	[woven in] / woven in
move		[emotional]	moved	moved	only in the meaning of 'cause'; formerly 5th Ablaut class, see weighing
	daring	[daring] (himself)	weighed	weighed / ( only adj . : daring)
	[ move ] also: [moves]	[moved]	[emotional]	in all meanings

5. Ablaut class: i (e) - a - e

Show / hide prefixes

present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
ask		asks	asked	asked
	ask also: forbid	he asks	he begged	asked for
	Ask also: out , in, over, down, in, over, asking down	asks	asked off	aborted
eat ( Ind .: I eat / [eat])		eats	ate	eaten
	Eat ( Ind .: I eat / [eat] from) also: eat in , up, out, mixed up, empty, with, away, continue to eat	eats off	ate off	eaten
eat ( Ind .: I eat / [eat])		eats	ate	eaten
	over-eat (oneself) ( Ind .: I over-eat / [over-eat] (me)) as well: eat up	overeating	gobbled up	overeat
	eat away ( Ind .: I eat / [eat] off) also: on-, up-, out-, through-, firm-, in-, bald-, empty-, loose-, away-, continue to eat	eats away	ate away	eaten away
give ( Ind .: I give / [give])		gives	gave	given
	give ( Ind .: I give / [give]) also: he-, over-, around-, forgive	embarks	came	go
	to go home ( Ind .: I go / [go] (me) home) as well: go (oneself) into	goes home	went home	given home
	give in ( Ind .: I give / [give]) also: indicate‑, give up‑, spend‑, by‑, on‑, to‑, through‑, in‑, away‑, free‑, her‑, out‑ , in‑, out‑, with‑, after‑, instead of, before‑, away‑, further‑, again‑, to‑, return	gives off	gave up	submitted
forget ( Ind .: I forget / [forget])		forgets	forgot	to forget
read ( Ind .: I read / [read])		read	read	read	formerly with grammatical change
	select ( Ind .: I passed / [select]) also: over-, misread	he reads	He read	exquisite
	read off ( Ind .: I read / [read] from) also: on-, on-, off-, through-, (yourself) in-, against-, along-, after-, read out-, on-, read together	reads	read off	read
lie		lies	lay	located
	succumb in the same way: if-, under-, lie (yourself)	he is lying	he laid	shoot
	rest well: up, examples, Ready, DA, daneben-, danieder-, therebelow, through, fixed, countertransference above, around, inne-, still-, untereinander-, forward, back are	that is because of	was on	important
measure ( Ind .: I measure / [ measure ])		measures / ( obsolete : measures)	measured	measured
	sized as well: through, ER, measured ( Ind. : I Bemiss / [bemesse])	measured	dimensioned	measured
	Measure also: Toggle, exclusively, examples, one, demand, attach ( Ind. : I miss / [fair] ab)	measures	measured	measured
recovered		( unw .: genist / [genest])	recovered	recovered	formerly with grammatical change
happen ( Ind .: I happen / [happen])		happens / ( ancient: history)	happened	happen
[to be ] ( Ind .: I am, we / they [are] / are, you are, conj .: I / he is, you are / are, Imp. Sg .: be / ( ancient to), Imp. Pl . : sei / ( southern German, Switzerland .: are / southern German, Austrian : seids))		[is (you are)]	was / ( ancient: what)	been	suppletives verb , the strains of his - are - is as well as those of was / was - was - was [Class 5] are each another in a Ablautverhältnis, the latter have grammatical changes on
see ( Ind .: I see / [see])		sees	saw	seen / ( aux. mostly: see)
	see also: he-, over-, provided ( Ind .: I see / [see])	considered	looked at	look at
	to refrain ( Ind .: I see / [see]) also: at‑, up‑, out‑, through‑, in‑, against‑, far‑ away‑, down‑, down‑, out‑, away‑, after‑ , red‑, black‑, to‑ look ahead‑, ahead‑, ahead‑, away‑, farther‑, again‑, watch‑, look back	looks away	looked away	apart
sit		sits	sat	sat
	own also: sit	owns	owned	obsessed
	sit down as well: up‑, out‑, with‑, together‑, there‑, with‑ beside-, through‑, one‑, firmly‑ opposite‑, around‑, after‑, down‑, still‑, before‑ , sit together	sits down	dismounted	dismounted
to step ( Ind .: I step / [step])		occurs	kicked	kicked
	enter also: over-, over-, trample ( Ind .: I enter / [enter])	enters	entered	to enter
	resign ( Ind .: I resign / [resign]) also: come up, step up, step out, join, in between-, enter-, counter-, wrong-, firmly-, opposite-, approach-, emerge- , to-, in-, to-, to-, to- go-, to-, down-, dead-, forwards, away-, to-, back-, to come together	resigns	resigned	assigned

6. Ablaut class: ä / e / ö - u / a / o - a / o

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
to bake		bakes / [bakes]	baked / [baked]	baked
	gratinated	overbaked / [overbaked]	überbuk / [overbaked]	gratinated
	Bake off as well: up, through, bake in	bakes / [bakes]	baked / [baked]	baked off
drive		moves	drove	hazards
	drive on as well: through-, out-, er-, over-, around-, under-, ver‑, befallen‑, dislocated	drives	drove	drive on
	depart as well: approach, up, out, over, in between, through, in, against, along, firmly, away, home, here, approaching, out, in , up‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, over‑, away‑, up‑, loose‑, with‑, after‑, black‑, dead‑, around‑, around‑, ahead‑, ahead -, by‑, away‑, further‑, back‑, together	leaves	drove off	gone
[ ask ]		asks / [asks]	asked / [asked]	[asked]
	[ ask ] also: inquire , question	questioned / [questioned]	interviewed / [interviewed]	[questioned]
	[ inquire ] also: to-, from-, to-, to-, further-, to ask back	asks / [asks]	asked / [asked] from	[queried]
	but only weakly: [ advice questions ]	[ask for advice]	[asked for advice]	[advised]
dig		digs	dug	dug
	buried also: under-, buried	buried	buried	to bury
	dig up as well: at-, up-, out-, through-, one-, free-, go-, after-, away-, further-, digging up	digs away	dug up	excavated
to lift		lifts	hob / ( obs.: hub)	raised / ( upper German: [raised]) / ( obsolete : raised)	formerly with grammatical change
	fix in the same way: de-, he-, over-, elevate (oneself)	fixes	fixed	fixed / ( Oberdt .: [fixes])
	take off as well: up, up, out, away, out, highlight, up, lift away	takes off	took off	lifted / ( upper German: [lifted])
load		loads / [loads]	invited	loaded	'Burdened'
	loading as well: unloading, transferring, loading	loaded / [loaded]	loaded	loaded
	unloading as well: loading, unloading , through, loading, down-, up-, reloading, reloading, pre-loading	loads / [loads]	unloaded	dumped
	but: [ invite ] also: invite , preload	[loads] / loads	[loaded] / loaded	loaded	'Ask to come'
	[ unload ]	[load] / unload	[loaded] / unloaded	unloaded
create		[creates]	created	created	'Create, elaborate'
	create	[created]	created	create
	: but only weakly [ create ] as well: give	[creates]	[managed]	[made]	'Work, achieve, persevere'
beat		beats	hit	beaten
	fog up in the same way: through-, er-, over-, over-, under-, down-, battered	fog up	fogged up	fog up
	also knock off : strike, up, out, (wide), in between, through, in, up, against, in two, wrong, away, her, out, around, down, up, bald, loose, following, down, dead, on top of one another, forward, away, closed, back, hit	knocks off	struck off	knocked off
	but weak: [ advice ]	[advice]	[advised]	[advised]
	[ advise ]	[advised]	[advised]	[advised]
swear		swears / ( obsolete: [swears])	[swore] / swore / ( veralt .: swore) ( conj. : ulcers)	sworn
	conjure likewise: conspire	conjures	conjured / conjured ( conj. : beschwüre)	conjured up
	conjure up	conjures up	conjured / conjured ( conj. : beschwüre up)	conjured up
	forswear well: einschwören	swears off	[swore] / renounced ( conj. : ulcers ab)	sworn off
stand		stands	stand / hour	confessed	Root present next to the preterital forms of a 6th grade verb
	exist in the same way: ent‑, er‑, ge‑, over‑, um‑, under‑, over‑, resist	consists	passed / passed	passed
	admit as: concede rise, rise again	admits	admitted / admitted	admitted
	also stand up : stand up, up, out, near, together, ready, there, with, for, behind, above, in front, through, one, firmly, free , face to face, equal, good, around, upright, head, empty, after, around, still, tight, above, below, in front, close, back, stand together	sticks out	stood / stood off	stale
wear		wearing	wore	carried
	are also: er‑, over‑, tolerate	amounts	amounted to	be
	also remove : on, on, off, by, away, in, away, home, up, up, out, in, down, out, up, out , in‑, down‑, up‑, with‑, after‑, around‑, forwards, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, collect	wears off	wore off	worn away
to grow		grows	growth	grown
	overgrown as well: out-, er-, overgrown	overgrown	vegetation	overgrown
	grow in the same way: up, out, in, solid, closer, out, out, in, with, after, further, growing together	grows	grew	grown
	but weak (and unrelated): [ grow ]	[grows]	[grew]	[waxed]	'Rub in with wax'
	[ wax in ]	[waxes in]	[waxed in]	[waxed]
to wash		washes / ( obsolete: [waschet])	washed	washed
	washed-out	washed out	washed up	washed-out
	washing up as well: washing on, off, with, before, away, white	washes off	washed up	washed

7. Ablaut class: Verbs with a former reduplication in the past tense

egg - ie - egg

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
eischen / heischen / heuschen		[hustles] / [hisses] / [hisses]	[eischte] / [heischte] / hiesch / iesch / [hushed]	[geeischt] / [geeischt] / geeischen / geeischt / [geeischt]
	abeischen / abheischen / abheuschen	[eischt] / [heishes] / [heuscht] from	[eischte] / [called] / hiesch / iesch / [hushed] off	[shed] / [sheared] / shed / shed / [shed]
be called		called	was called	called / ( aux. mostly: hot)
	promise	promises	promised	promise
	approve	means good	was called good	approved

e - i - a

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
go		goes	went	went	Root present next to the preterital forms of a derived verb of the 7th class
	also commit : escape, er-, behind-, over-, around-, per-, dissolve	commits	committed	committed
	come off well: Toggle, up, off, dahin-, daneben-, daran-, davon-, through, Jumble, one-, einher-, entgegen-, entlang-, entzwei-, mis-, continued , strange-, home-, here-, coming-, out-, in-, down-, around-, down-, out-, down-, down-, up-, up-, out-, through-, in -, over‑, over‑, up‑, long‑, go‑, with‑, after‑, down‑, broke‑, sure‑, over‑, around‑, around‑, under‑, before‑, ahead‑, before‑, ahead‑, past‑, before‑, past‑, away‑, further‑, to‑, back‑, walk together	goes off	went off	departed

ö / au / äu - ie - o / au

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
hit		[skin]	cut / [skin]	hewn / [hewn]	'Cut, hit'
	axed as well: through, comparable, cut up	[hewn]	behaved / [asserted]	hewed / [hewn]
	also cut off : next to it, in one, in two, out of, down, around, to, cut together	[go away]	cut off	cut off / [cut off]
	but in the meanings 'mow, cut, throw' only: cut	[skin]	[haute]	hewn / [hewn]
	hew also: to beat up	[hewn]	[claim]	hewed / [hewn]
	cut off as well: hit, cut through, cut	[go away]	[took off]	cut off / [cut off]
to run		running / ( obsolete: running)	loff / ran	dropped / run
	run in the same way: through-, out-, er-, over-, under-, run out, dissolve	amounts to	beloff / belief	beloffen / amount
	run out in the same way: on-, up-, out-, apart-, away-, through-, confused-, in-, ice-, against-, away-, (yourself) free-, home-, her-, out- , around‑, over‑, out‑, in‑, behind‑ after‑, behind‑, down‑, up‑, empty‑, loose‑, with‑, after‑, dead‑, over, around‑, ahead‑ ( each other) warm, away, farther, to, back, together, to run counter to	expires	loff / expired	expired / expired
bump		bumps	bumped	encountered
	bumped also: through-, for-, crushed	bumped	bumped	bumped
	also repel : to-, up-, out-, through-, in-, away-, for-, there-, after-, down-, around-, forwards, away-, further-, to-, back- , collide	repels	repelled	repelled

ä - i (e) - ă

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
fall		falls	fell	like
	infested as well: corresponds, overall, exceeded, comparable disintegrate	infested	attacked	infested
	displeased / ( obsolete: displeased )	displeased / ( obsolete : displeased)	displeased / ( obsolete : displeased)	displeased / displeased
	also fall away : on-, up-, out-, by-, there-, above-, below-, through-, in-, away-, down-, down-, out-, in-, down-, out- , down-, in-, down-, across-, around-, forwards, forwards, away-, further-, to-, back-, collapse	falls off	fell off	fallen off
	but weak: [ accident ]	[accident]	[accident victim]	[accident]
to catch / ( ancient: to approach )		catches / ( ancient: faht)	caught	captured
	self-conscious as well: mended around, below, caught	self-conscious	befing	self-conscious
	catch also: start, on, catch , with, catch again	intercepts	caught	intercepted
hold		holds / ( obsolete .: [hold])	held	held
	also retain : ent‑, er‑, under‑, restrained	retains	retained	to keep
	withhold also: on, on, with, in, reserved, withheld	retains	withheld	keep off
	also hold back : on-, on-, off-, apart-, ready-, for-, against-, next-, close-, through-, one-, against-, for sale, far-, firm-, free- , fresh-, caught-, against-, for-, out-, back-, in-, behind-, up-, inside-, short-, with-, after-, down-, open-, clean-, crooked -, stiff, still, forward, awake, warm, closed, backed, hold together	holds off	held off	held
hang / [ hang ] / ( singular: hahen )		depends / ( obsolete .: [hanget]) / ( isolated .: haht)	hung	hung	intransitive ; with grammatical alternation
	overhang / [ overhang ]	overhangs	overhanged	overhang
	Depend / [ depend ] also: on-, off-, there-, hanging through-, down-, out-, around-, down-, after-, over-, hanging on / hanging on	depends	depended	depended on
to let		leaves	let	let / ( aux. mostly: let)
	leave as well: leave behind, over, under, forgotten, abandoned	leaves	left	left
	Drain well: Artery, Toggle, up, off, DA, davon-, through, turn, Fahrenheit, fall-, advanced, outdoor, home, manufacturers, downgrades, zoom in , up‑, out‑, near‑, down‑, down‑, up‑, out‑, in‑, up‑, loose‑, with‑, after‑, (yourself) down‑, stick‑ in‑, left‑ over‑, in front -, by‑, away‑, further‑, let‑ in, leave behind	lets off	let off	drained
salt		[salt]	[salted]	salted
	too salty	[salinated]	[oversalted]	too salty
	salting as well: more salt	[salt] a	[salted] a	salted in
switch		[switches] / switches	[switched] / switched	[switched] / switched	originally a strong verb, today only strong in some regions (especially southern Germany). In particular, the standard language is not correct form switched is still in use.
	wired as well: boarded	[wired] / wired	[wired] / wired	[wired] / wired
	also switch off : off, on, on, off, in between, through, on, free, equal, up, down, up, one after the other, down, up, after , side by side, side by side, parallel, up, around, forwards, backwards, together, on and in between	[switches on] / switches on	[switched on] / switched on	[switched on] / switched on
columns		[splits]	[split]	split / [split]
	split	[split]	[split]	split up / [split]
	split off also: split up, split in two	[splits] off	[split] off	split off / [split off]

u - ie - u

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
call		calls	called / ( obsolete: [called])	called
	called also: denied, revoked	called	called	called
	recall also: convoke	recalled	recalled	recalled
	call up as well: on-, up-, off-, in-between-, away-, home-, here-, near-, in-, out-, up-, loose-, after-, down-, awake-, away- , continue, to-, back-, to summon	retrieves	called from	retrieved

ä - ie - ā

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
blow		blows / ( outdated: [blows])	blew	blown
	blow around as well: blow, blow	blows over	blown over	blow around
	also blow off : on, open, off, through, in, away, forth, back, up, go, with, around, away, further, to, back , blow together	blows off	blew off	blown off
roast meat		roast / ( obsolete: [roast])	fried	fried
	over-fry as well: fry	fried	roasted	over-fry
	fry as well: sear, through-, over-fry	fries off	fried	advised off
grind		[grinds]	[ground]	ground
	ground as well: grind	[married]	[ground]	grind
guess		advises / ( obsolete: [guess])	advised	devices
	advise also: ent‑, er‑, ge‑, betrayed	advises	advised	to advise
	mixed up as well: got into it	gets confused	got confused	get confused
	failed / ( obsolete : failed )	miss / ( obsolete : miss device)	failed / ( obsolete : failed)	failed / failed
	also advise against : on-, go-, with-, continue-, guess together	advises against	advised against	advised against
	but weak: [ marry ] / [ marry ]	[marries] / [marries]	[married] / [married]	[married] / [married]
sleep		sleeps / ( obsolete: [sleeps])	slept	slept
	sleep in the same way: fall asleep, oversleep, oversleep	asleep	slept	to sleep
	sleep in as well: sleep through, fall, after, before, sleep on	sleeps off	fell asleep	slept in

Reduplication of the initial consonant in the past tense still exists

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present infinitive		3rd person Sg. Ind. Pres.	1st / 3rd Pers. Sg. Ind. Prät.	Past participle	Comment, meaning
to do		does	tat / ( ancient: tet / tat)	done
	miss	failed	missed	wasted
	also dismiss : to-, to-, by-, to-, to-, away-, equal-, large-, good-, out-, to-, sorry-, with-, beautiful-, bad-, um- , away‑, hurt‑, further‑, well‑, to‑, back‑, together‑, to put forward	dismisses	dismissed	dismissed

See also

Wiktionary: List of irregular verbs  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• List of irregular verbs in German