Muktika

The Sanskrit term muktika refers to the canon of the same name of a total of 108 Upanishads . The exact date of origin of the individual Upanishads is unknown, but the oldest are likely to be before the 6th century BC. BC , whereas the most recent were compiled in the Middle Ages . The older Upanishads were passed down orally from generation to generation. The canon must have been written down before the Persian copy by the philosopher Dara Shikoh in 1656.

etymology

The Sanskrit word muktikā means pearl . In the spiritual context it can be associated with mukti or moksha - मोक्ष ( mokṣa ), which means liberation, redemption, enlightenment . A free translation for the Muktika Upanishad would therefore be the Pearl of Liberation among the Upanishads .

The canon

The Muktika canon consisting of 108 Upanishads is found in the Muktika Upanishad. The number 108 is a mystical number in Hinduism (108 = 1 ¹ • 2 ² • 3 ³ ).

Verses 30-39 of the Muktika Upanishad list the following Upanishads:

Note: The abbreviations used are: AV = Atharvaveda, RV = Rigveda, SV = Samaveda, SYV = Black Yajurveda, WYV = White Yajurveda,

N °	Upanishad	IAST transliteration	Sanskrit term	category	Associated Veda
1.	Isha-Upanishad (Ishopanishad, also Ishavasya-Upanishad)	īśā-upaniṣad īśopaniṣad, īśāvāsya-upaniṣad	ईशा उपनिषद् ईशावास्य उपनिषद्	Mukhya	WYV
2.	Kena Upanishad	kena-upaniṣad	केन उपनिषद्	Mukhya	SV
3.	Katha Upanishad	kaṭha-upaniṣad	कठ उपनिषद्	Mukhya	SYV
4th	Prashna Upanishad	praśna-upaniṣad	प्रश्न उपनिषद्	Mukhya	AV
5.	Mundaka Upanishad	muṇḍaka-upaniṣad	मुण्डक उपनिषद्	Mukhya	AV
6th	Mandukya Upanishad	māṇḍukya-upaniṣad	माण्डुक्य उपनिषद्	Mukhya	AV
7th	Taittiriya Upanishad	taittirīya-upaniṣad	तैत्तिरीय उपनिषद्	Mukhya	SYV
8th.	Aitareya Upanishad	aitareya-upaniṣad	ऐतरेय उपनिषद्	Mukhya	RV
9.	Chandogya Upanishad	chāndogya-upaniṣad	छान्दोग्य उपनिषद्	Mukhya	SV
10.	Brihadaranyaka Upanishad	bṛhadāraṇyaka-upaniṣad	बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद्	Mukhya	WYV
11.	Brahma Upanishad	brahma-upaniṣad	ब्रह्म उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SYV
12.	Kaivalya Upanishad	kaivalya-upaniṣad	कैवल्य उपनिषद्	Shaiva	SYV
13.	Jabala Upanishad	jābāla-upaniṣad	जाबाल उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
14th	Svetasvatara Upanishad	śvetāśvatara-upaniṣad	श्वेताश्वतर उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
15th	Hamsa Upanishad	haṃsa-upaniṣad	हंस उपनिषद्	yoga	WYV
16.	Aruneya Upanishad	āruṇeya-upaniṣad	आरुणेय उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SV
17th	Garbha Upanishad	garbha-upaniṣad	गर्भ उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
18th	Narayana Upanishad	nārāyaṇa-upaniṣad	नारायण उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	SYV
19th	Paramahamsa Upanishad	paramahaṃsa-upaniṣad	परमहंस उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
20th	Brahma-bindu-Upanishad (Amritabindu-Upanishad)	brahma-bindu-upaniṣad amṛtabindu-upaniṣad	ब्रह्म-बिन्दु-उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
21st	Amrita-nada-Upanishad (Nada-Bindu-Upanishad)	amṛta- nāda-upaniṣad nāda-bindu-upaniṣad	अमृत-नाद उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
22nd	Atharva-shira-Upanishad (Siropanishad)	atharva-śira-upaniṣad śiropaniṣad	अथर्व-शिर उपनिषद्	Shaiva	AV
23.	Atharvashikha Upanishad	atharva-śikha-upaniṣad	अथर्व-शिख उपनिषद्	Shaiva	AV
24.	Maitrayani-Upanishad (Maitrayaniya-Upanishad)	maitrāyaṇi-upaniṣad	मैत्रायणि उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SV
25th	Kaushitaki Upanishad	kauṣītaki-upaniṣad	कौषीतकि उपनिषद्	Samanya	RV
26th	Brihajjabala Upanishad	bṛhajjābāla-upaniṣad	बृहज्जाबाल उपनिषद्	Shaiva	AV
27.	Nrisimha-tapani-Upanishad (Nrisimha-tapaniyopanishad)	nṛsiṃha-tāpanī-upaniṣad	नृसिंहतापनी उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
28.	Kalagni Rudra Upanishad	kālāgni-rudra-upaniṣad	कालाग्निरुद्र उपनिषद्	Shaiva	SYV
29	Maitreyi Upanishad	maitreyi-upaniṣad	मैत्रेयि उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SV
30th	Subala Upanishad	subāla-upaniṣad	सुबाल उपनिषद्	Samanya	WYV
31.	Kshurika Upanishad	kṣurika-upaniṣad	क्षुरिक उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
32.	Mantrika Upanishad	māntrika-upaniṣad	मान्त्रिक उपनिषद्	Samanya	WYV
33.	Sarva-sara-Upanishad	sarva-sāra-upaniṣad	सर्व-सार उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
34.	Niralamba Upanishad	nirālamba-upaniṣad	निरालम्ब उपनिषद्	Samanya	WYV
35.	Shuka-rahasya-Upanishad	śuka-rahasya-upaniṣad	शुक-रहस्य उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
36.	Vajra-suci-Upanishad (Vajra-sucikopanishad)	vajra-sūci-upaniṣad	वज्रसूचि उपनिषद्	Samanya	SV
37.	Tejo-bindu-Upanishad	tejo-bindu-upaniṣad	तेजो-बिन्दु उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SYV
38.	Nada-bindu-Upanishad	nāda-bindu-upaniṣad	नाद-बिन्दु उपनिषद्	yoga	RV
39.	Dhyana-bindu-Upanishad	dhyāna-bindu-upaniṣad	ध्यानबिन्दु उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
40.	Brahmavidya Upanishad	brahmavidya-upaniṣad	ब्रह्मविद्या उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
41.	Yogatattva Upanishad	yogatattva-upaniṣad	योगतत्त्व उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
42.	Atma-bodha-Upanishad	ātma-bodha-upaniṣad	आत्मबोध उपनिषद्	Samanya	RV
43.	Parivrat-Upanishad (Narada-parivrajaka-Upanishad)	parivrāt-upaniṣad nārada-parivrājaka-upaniṣad	परिव्रात् उपनिषद् (नारदपरिव्राजक)	Sannyasa	AV
44.	Trishikhi Upanishad	triṣiki-upaniṣad	त्रिषिखि उपनिषद्	yoga	WYV
45.	Sita Upanishad	sītā-upaniṣad	सीता उपनिषद्	Shakta	AV
46.	Yoga-cudamani-Upanishad	yoga-cūḍāmaṇi-upaniṣad	योगचूडामणि उपनिषद्	yoga	SV
47.	Nirvana Upanishad	nirvāṇa-upaniṣad	निर्वाण उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	RV
48.	Mandala brahmana upanishad	maṇḍala-brāhmaṇa-upaniṣad	मण्डलब्राह्मण उपनिषद्	yoga	WYV
49.	Dakshina-murti-Upanishad	dakṣiṇā-mūrti-upaniṣad	दक्षिणामूर्ति उपनिषद्	Shaiva	SYV
50.	Sarabha Upanishad	sarabha-upaniṣad	शरभ उपनिषद्	Shaiva	AV
51.	Skanda Upanishad (Tripadvibhuti)	skanda-upaniṣad tripāḍvibhūṭi	स्कन्द उपनिषद् (त्रिपाड्विभूटि)	Samanya	SYV
52.	Mahanarayana Upanishad	mahānārāyaṇa-upaniṣad	महानारायण उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
53.	Advayataraka Upanishad	advayatāraka-upaniṣad	अद्वयतारक उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
54.	Rama-rahasya-Upanishad	rāma-rahasya-upaniṣad	रामरहस्य उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
55.	Rama-tapani-Upanishad	rāma-tāpani-upaniṣad	रामतापणि उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
56.	Vasudeva Upanishad	vāsudeva-upaniṣad	वासुदेव उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	SV
57.	Mudgala Upanishad	mudgala-upaniṣad	मुद्गल उपनिषद्	Samanya	RV
58.	Shandilya Upanishad	śāṇḍilya-upaniṣad	शाण्डिल्य उपनिषद्	yoga	AV
59.	Paingala Upanishad	paiṃgala-upaniṣad	पैंगल उपनिषद्	Samanya	WYV
60.	Bhikshuka Upanishad	bhikṣuka-upaniṣad	भिक्षुक उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
61.	Mahat Upanishad	mahat-upaniṣad	महत् उपनिषद्	Samanya	SV
62.	Shariraka Upanishad	śārīraka-upaniṣad	शारीरक उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
63.	Yoga-shikha-upanishad	yoga-śikhā-upaniṣad	योगशिखा उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
64.	Turiyatita Upanishad	turīyātīta-upaniṣad	तुरीयातीत उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
65.	Sannyasa Upanishad	saṃnyāsa-upaniṣad	संन्यास उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SV
66.	Paramahamsa-parivrajaka-Upanishad	paramahaṃsa-parivrājaka-upaniṣad	परमहंस-परिव्राजक उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	AV
67.	Akshamalika Upanishad (Malika)	akṣamālika-upaniṣad	अक्षमालिक उपनिषद्	Shaiva	RV
68.	Avyakta Upanishad	avyakta-upaniṣad	अव्यक्त उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	SV
69.	Ekakshara Upanishad	ekākṣara-upaniṣad	एकाक्षर उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
70.	Annapurna Upanishad	annapūrṇa-upaniṣad	अन्नपूर्ण उपनिषद्	Shakta	AV
71.	Surya Upanishad	sūrya-upaniṣad	सूर्य उपनिषद्	Samanya	AV
72.	Akshi Upanishad	akṣi-upaniṣad	अक्षि उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
73.	Adhyatma Upanishad	adhyātma-upaniṣad	अध्यात्मा उपनिषद्	Samanya	WYV
74.	Kundika Upanishad	kuṇḍika-upaniṣad	कुण्डिक उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SV
75.	Savitri Upanishad	sāvitri-upaniṣad	सावित्रि उपनिषद्	Samanya	SV
76.	Atma Upanishad	ātmā-upaniṣad	आत्मा उपनिषद्	Samanya	AV
77.	Pashupata Upanishad	pāśupata-upaniṣad	पाशुपत उपनिषद्	yoga	AV
78.	Parabrahma Upanishad	parabrahma-upaniṣad	परब्रह्म उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	AV
79.	Avadhuta Upanishad	avadhūta-upaniṣad	अवधूत उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SYV
80.	Tripuratapanopanishad	tripurātapani-upaniṣad	त्रिपुरातपनि उपनिषद्	Shakta	AV
81.	Devi-Upanishad	devi-upaniṣad	देवि उपनिषद्	Shakta	AV
82.	Tripura Upanishad	tripura-upaniṣad	त्रिपुर उपनिषद्	Shakta	RV
83.	Katha-rudra-Upanishad	kaṭha-rudra-upaniṣad	कठरुद्र उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SYV
84.	Bhavana Upanishad	bhāvana-upaniṣad	भावन उपनिषद्	Shakta	AV
85.	Rudra-hridaya-Upanishad	rudra-hṛdaya-upaniṣad	रुद्र-हृदय उपनिषद्	Shaiva	SYV
86.	Yoga Kundalini Upanishad	yoga-kuṇḍalini-upaniṣad	योग-कुण्डलिनि उपनिषद्	yoga	SYV
87.	Bhasma Upanishad	bhasma-upaniṣad	भस्म उपनिषद्	Shaiva	AV
88	Rudraksha Upanishad	rudrakṣa-upaniṣad	रुद्राक्ष उपनिषद्	Shaiva	SV
89.	Ganapati Upanishad	gaṇapati-upaniṣad	गणपति उपनिषद्	Shaiva	AV
90.	Jabaladarshana-Upanishad (Darshana-Upanishad)	jābāladarśana-upaniṣad darśana-upaniṣad	जाबालदर्शन उपनिषद्	yoga	SV
91.	Tara-sara-Upanishad	tāra-sāra-upaniṣad	तारसार उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	WYV
92.	Maha-vakya-Upanishad	mahā-vākya-upaniṣad	महावाक्य उपनिषद्	yoga	AV
93.	Panca-brahma-Upanishad	pañca-brahma-upaniṣad	पञ्च-ब्रह्म उपनिषद्	Shaiva	SYV
94.	Pranagni-hotra-Upanishad	prāṇāgni-hotra-upaniṣad	प्राणाग्नि-होत्र उपनिषद्	Samanya	SYV
95.	Gopala-Tapani-Upanishad	gopāla-tapaṇi-upaniṣad	गोपाल-तपणि उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
96.	Krishna Upanishad	kṛṣṇa-upaniṣad	कृष्ण उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
97.	Yajnavalkya Upanishad	Yajñavalkya-upaniṣad	याज्ञवल्क्य उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
98	Varaha Upanishad	varāha-upaniṣad	वराह उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	SYV
99	Shatyayani Upanishad	śātyāyani-upaniṣad	शात्यायनि उपनिषद्	Sannyasa	WYV
100.	Hayagriva Upanishad	hayagrīva-upaniṣad	हयग्रीव उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
101.	Dattatreya Upanishad	dattātreya-upaniṣad	दत्तात्रेय उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
102.	Garuda Upanishad	gāruḍa-upaniṣad	गारुड उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	AV
103.	Kali Santarana Upanishad	kali-saṇṭāraṇa-upaniṣad	कलि-सण्टारण उपनिषद्	Vaishnava	SYV
104.	Jabala Upanishad	jābāla-upaniṣad	जाबाल उपनिषद् (सामवेद)	Shaiva	SV
105.	Saubhagya Upanishad	saubhāgya-upaniṣad	सौभाग्य उपनिषद्	Shakta	RV
106.	Sarasvati-rahasya-Upanishad	sarasvatī-rahasya-upaniṣad	सरस्वती-रहस्य उपनिषद्	Shakta	SYV
107.	Bahvrica Upanishad	bahvṛca-upaniṣad	बह्वृच उपनिषद्	Shakta	RV
108.	Muktika Upanishad	muktika-upaniṣad	मुक्तिक उपनिषद्	Samanya	WYV

separations

The Upanishads of the Muktika canon can be subdivided as follows on the basis of their affiliation with the individual Veda :

10 Upanishads are associated with the Rig Veda. Your catchy शान्ति shānti (peace formula ) begins with the lines of verse vaṇme-manasi (my speech rests in my mind).
16 Upanishads are connected with the Samaveda and their shānti is āpyāyantu (may the invisible forces nourish us).
19 Upanishads are related to the White Yajurveda , their shānti begins with pūrṇamada (abundance is found in the transcendental).
32 Upanishads belong to the Black Yajurveda with shānti sahanāvavatu (May the Brahman protect us both).
31 The Upanishads are associated with the Atharvaveda and begin with the shānti bhadram-karṇebhiḥ (let us hear the auspicious truths with our ears).

The first 10 Upanishads form the Mukhya Upanishads . These represent the core of the ancient texts and were written before the classical period of Hinduism , ie in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. Chr. They reflect the development of the Vedanta from the previous Vedic religion. The Sāmānya Vedānta (common Vedanta) includes 21 Upanishads. These are accepted by all Vedanta schools as revelation writings ( Sruti ) and are not monopolized by any sect.

The remaining 77 Upanishads are basic texts of different faiths or sects of Hinduism. Of these, 23 Upanishads are ascetic Sannyāsa texts , 9 Upanishads are Shakti texts , 14 Upanishads are in the Vaishnava tradition , 14 Upanishads in the Shiva tradition and 17 Upanishads are associated with yoga .

category	Shukla Yajurveda	Krishna Yajurveda	Atharvaveda	Samaveda	Rigveda
Mukhya	Isha	Katha	Prashna	Kena	Aitareya
	Brihadaranyaka	Taittiriya	Mundaka	Chandogya
			Mandukya
Samanya	Subala	Sarva-sara	Surya	Vajrasuci	Kaushitaki
	Mantrica	Shukarahasya	Atma	Mahat	Atma-bodha
	Niralamba	Skanda (Tripadvibhuti)		Savitri	Mudgala
	Paingala	Shariraka
	Adhyatma	Ekakshara
	Muktika	Akshi
		Pranagni-hotra
Sannyasa	Jabala	Brahma	Parivrat	Aruneya	Nirvana
	Paramahamsa	Svetasvatara	Paramahamsa-parivrajaka	Maitrayani
	Advayataraka	Garbha	Parabrahma	Maitreyi
	Bhikshuka	Tagus bindu		Sannyasa
	Turiyatita	Avadhuta		Kundika
	Yajnavalkya	Katharudra
	Shatyayani	Varaha
Shakta		Sarasvati-rahasya	Sita		Tripura
			Annapurna		Saubhagya
			Devi		Bahvrica
			Tripuratapani
			Bhavana
Vaishnava	Tara-sara	Narayana	Nrisimhatapani	Vasudeva
		Kali Santarana	Mahanarayana	Avyakta
			Rama-rahasya
			Rama-tapani
			Gopala-tapani
			Krishna
			Hayagriva
			Dattatreya
			Garuda
Shaiva		Kaivalya	Atharva-shira (Shira)	Rudraksha	Akshamalika (Malika)
		Kalagnirudra	Atharvashikha	Jabala
		Dakshina-murti	Brihajjabala
		Rudra-hridaya	Sharabha
		Panca brahma	Bhasma
			Ganapati
yoga	Hamsa	Brahma-bindu (Amritabindu)	Shandilya	Yoga cudamani	Nada-bindu
	Trishikhi	Amritanada	Pashupata	Jabaladarshana
	Mandala brahmana	Kshurika	Mahavakya
		Dhyana-bindu
		Brahmavidya
		Yogatattva
		Yoga shikha
		Yoga Kundalini

Individual evidence

↑ Patrick Olivelle: Upaniṣhads . Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-954025-9 .

[1] Patrick Olivelle: Upaniṣhads . Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-954025-9 .