an-Nadr ibn al-Harith

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Mohammed watches as an-Nadr ibn al-Hārith is beheaded by Ali with the sword Dhū l-faqār ( Siyer-i Nebi )

an-Nadr ibn al-Hārith ( Arabic النضر بن الحارث, DMG an-Naḍr b. al-Ḥāriṯ ; died March 624 ) was a Meccan and one of the fiercest opponents of the Islamic prophet Mohammed . He was a member of the Quraish and a descendant of ʿAbd ad-Dār b. Quṣayy. An-Nadr ibn al-Harith was wealthy and traded with al-Hīra and Persia. There he learned to play the oud and know the Iranian national epics. In Mecca he held an important position.

An-Nadr ibn al-Ḥārith was considered a gifted speaker. He particularly excelled at mocking the proclamations of Muhammad as hackneyed fairy tales and referred to them as asāṭīr al-awwalīn ("stories of the ancestors"). This pair of terms occurs in sura 8 , verse 31 and sura 83 , verse 13. Both suras are supposed to refer to an-Nadr.

Koran exegetes like at-Tabarī and Ibn Kathīr report - citing older sources - that the verses of Sura 25 , 6: "And they say: (It is) the history of the earlier (generations) that he wrote down ..." and sura 22 , 8: “And among men there is (some?) one who, in his ignorance, disputes about God without guidance and enlightening (revelation) scriptures”, refer to an-Nadr.

An-Nadr made Mohammed, when he appeared with his announcements, with entertaining stories about Rostam and the like. alien to the audience. At the Battle of Badr an-Nadr ibn al-Ḥārith was captured and on the part of Muhammad together with ʿUqba b. abī Muʿaiṭ executed while the prisoners were on their way to Medina. It is disputed who killed an-Nadr. It is possible that Mohammed personally killed him and ʿAlī cut off his head. As execution sites are as-Şafrā' or al-Uthail called.

Qutaila, an-Nadr's sister, is said to have mourned death with impressive verses. When Mohammed heard the words, according to Ibn Hisham he is said to have regretted the act.

rating

See also Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf # evaluation

Rudi Paret writes to Nadrs about the execution:

“Anyone who wrote or circulated hateful poems against Mohammed and his party had to be prepared for the most devious reprisals. Many of these poets were therefore murdered, ostracized or executed on the express instructions of the Prophet. So after the battle of Badr, the two Quraišitic prisoners Naḍr ibn al-Ḥāriṯ and ʿUqba b. abī Muʿaiṭ atone for their previous mockery with death. "

Paret, however, opposes moral condemnation of the prophet “because of his irreconcilable attitude towards those who think differently [...]. Satires were a dreaded weapon. They were thought to have an almost magical effect. As a weapon they were devious. Whoever made use of it had forfeited his life if he fell into the hands of the enemy. "

Against the background of a similar incident - the murder of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf - Norman Stillman notes that the retaliation for the writing of such poems was in full accordance with the norms of the Arab society of the time. William Montgomery Watt makes similar statements , according to which such an act was customary under the given conditions during the lifetime and in the vicinity of the Prophet. Writing satirical poems was - according to Hannah Rahman - a dangerous activity (w. "Hazardous occupation"): "An offended party or individual might have reacted too strongly to an open." (German: "An attacked group or person could to reacted hard to an attack. ")

In connection with the execution, Tilman Nagel mentions that an-Nadr Mohammed was "particularly hated" and thus implies a personal motive for the act.

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ İrfan Aycan in: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi , sv NADR b. HÂRİS
  2. ^ Tilman Nagel: Mohammed. Twenty chapters on the Prophet of the Muslims. Munich 2010, p. 79 in the Google book search
  3. ^ Tilman Nagel: Mohammed. Life and legend. Munich 2008, p. 223 in the Google book search
  4. ^ A b Tilman Nagel: Mohammed. Life and legend. Munich 2008, p. 313 in the Google book search
  5. ↑ Ch. Pellat in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, sv "al-Naḍr b. Al-Ḥārit̲h̲".
  6. ↑ German translation of the verses by Gustav Weil: The life of Mohammed after Mohammed Ibn Ishâk, edited by Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischâm. Translated from the Arabic by Dr. G. Because in Google Book Search. Stuttgart 1864. Vol. 1, p. 389 f.
  7. ↑ Rudi Paret: Mohammed and the Koran. History and proclamation of the Arab prophet. 6th edition. Stuttgart / Berlin / Cologne / Mainz 1985, p. 162 in the Google book search
  8. ↑ Rudi Paret: Mohammed and the Koran. History and proclamation of the Arab prophet. 6th edition. Stuttgart / Berlin / Cologne / Mainz 1985, p. 162 in the Google book search. See his remarks on p. 155 f. in google book search for the murder of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf.
  9. ^ Norman A. Stiller: The Jews of Arab Lands. A History and Source Book. Philadelphia 1979. p. 13 in Google Book Search
  10. ↑ See William M. Watt: Muhammad. Prophet and Statesman. Oxford et al. a. 1961, p. 129
  11. ^ Hannah Rahman: The Conflicts Between the Prophet and the Opposition in Madina. In: Der Islam 62 (1985). P. 282
personal data
SURNAME Nadr ibn al-Harith, an-
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Nadr ibn al-Harith, an-; النضر بن الحارث (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Opponent of Muhammad
DATE OF BIRTH 6th century
DATE OF DEATH March 624