Neogeography

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Neogeography ("new geography") often refers to the use of geographic techniques and tools for personal or community purposes by non-expert user groups. The area of ​​application is often less formal or analytical.

history

The term neogeography has been used since 1922. In the early 1950s in the USA he stood for the social aspects of production and work. The French philosopher François Dagognet mentioned it in the title of his 1973 book Une Epistemologie de l'espace concret: Neo-geography . The word was first used in the study of online communities in the 1990s by Kenneth Dowling , the librarian for the city of San Francisco . Previous terms in the (English-language) trade press were " the geospatial Web " and " the geoaware Web " (both 2005); " Where 2.0 " (2005); " A dissident cartographic aesthetic " and "mapping and counter-mapping " (2006). The term went hand in hand with the concept of Web 2.0 , as well as the increasing availability of maps and spatial technologies, which were found in the form of slippy maps such as Google Maps , Google Earth , and also with the lower costs of mobile devices for quick location, such as such as GPS receivers. This was followed by an increasing integration of this technology in applications that previously had no spatial reference.

The first contemporary definition was given by Randall Szott in 2006. He pleaded for a broad base that also included artists, behaviorists and many more. The tech-heavy aspects of the subject were later narrowed down by Andrew Turner in Introduction to Neogeography (O'Reilly, 2006). Today's understanding of the term is based in many cases on its use in locative media , which enabled the possibility of personal expression and added value for society through the expansion of location-based services .

Geographic information systems had developed tools and techniques for specialist applications that required precision and accuracy. In contrast to this, neogeography is trying to produce very easily accessible applications. However, these two approaches can overlap, as they pose the same problem for different user groups: experts and amateurs.

Discuss the definition

There are currently major debates about the scope and application of neogeography within the web mapping , geography and GIS field. Some of these discussions refer to neogeography simply as easier access to geographic tools, while others emphasize the fields of application.

Neogeography is not only related to a technology and should not be understood synonymously with web mapping , even if this is partly to be found in the literature.

A great number of cartography and geography scholars (such as Mike Goodchild ) have a certain aversion to the term "neogeography". They argue that geography is a solid scientific discipline; In contrast, mashups and tags in Google Earth are not scientific work, but rather volunteered geographic information .

There are also a large number of designers and career changers who are active in this new form of map creation and location-based art. So it encompasses more than just web mapping .

Components

Significant influencing factors can be found that make it possible for less specialized people to record spatial data even with simple instruments.

Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has made it very easy, inexpensive and with just a few simple steps to determine your own position since the mid-1990s. Due to additional costs, however, an additional improvement in accuracy using reference signals is often foregone (differential GPS), as is common in professional surveying.

standardization

Collaborative collection of geospatial data also requires standardized platforms so that the data can be merged. The standards defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium , such as client-server protocols (e.g. Web Map Service (WMS) ) or file formats (e.g. GML , GeoJSON , ...), were decisive for the entire geospatial sector . which enable a uniform understanding of the structure and attribution of the information (metadata). Free GIS software is therefore often used, especially for the orientation towards the web and user-specific content.

User-generated geospatial data

Neogeography has also been associated with an increase in user-generated geographic content, with strong references to volunteered geographic information . This can be actively collected data, such as OpenStreetMap , or passively collected data collections, such as photos tagged by Flickr .

More flexible geographic information system solutions

Geographic information systems have traditionally been designed for use on desktop systems. This resulted from the classic separation between inspection in the field and the subsequent entry of measurements on the PC. This process is partially weakened by the involvement of non-specialist personnel. With the aim of effective time use and exact description of the objects, mobile GIS or WebGIS portals are used here . These usually have a more limited range of functions, which, however, is sufficient for new entries and inventory maintenance.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Andrew Turner: Introduction to Neogeography  (= Short Cuts). O'Reilly Media , 2006, ISBN 978-0-596-52995-6 , p. 2.
  2. ^ Francois Dagognet: Une Epistemologie De L'espace Concret: Neo-geography . Vrin, 1973.
  3. ↑ a b c "A short inquiry into the origins and uses of the term“ neogeography ”", D'log (PDF file; 136 kB)
  4. ↑ Michael Goodchild: NeoGeography and the nature of geographic expertise . In: Journal of Location Based Services . tape 3 , no. 2 , 2009, p. 82-96 , doi : 10.1080 / 17489720902950374 .
  5. ↑ "Search results - neogeography"
  6. ^ MF Goodchild: Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography . In: GeoJournal . 69, No. 4, 2007, pp. 211-221. doi : 10.1007 / s10708-007-9111-y .
  7. ^ Ralf Bill, Basics of Geo-Information Systems, Wichmann 2010, ISBN 978-3-87907-489-1
  8. ^ Mark Graham: Neogeography and the Palimpsests of Place: Web 2.0 and the Construction of a Virtual Earth . In: Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie . tape 101 , no. 4 , 2010, p. 422-436 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1467-9663.2009.00563.x .