Object case
As a lens or object case is referred to the single case for all objects in the sentence structure, if a language or a dialect of case only disconnects subject and object. The term accudative is used when this unified object case has arisen by giving up a previous separation into accusative and dative, as is the case in standard German. The development towards a uniform object case is almost complete in the Dutch language and can also be observed in various German dialects .
Formation
The case-syncretism , also called Kasuskollaps, is in the Indo-European family frequent occurrence. The forms of words in an inflected language , which are separated by declension suffixes , increasingly coincide.
In the area of Germanic languages , the division into accusative and dative that still exists in standard German is abandoned, creating an accudative that fulfills both functions. It is mainly found in Low German ( examples ), but also in Berlin ( examples ) and even in the East Saxon language area. Sometimes the coincidence only occurs for the masculine gender , in which " den " (accusative masculine) and " dem " (dative masculine) are anyway more difficult to distinguish aloud than " die " (accusative feminine) and " der " (dative feminine) ).
The Dutch language has only retained the dative-accusative distinction in the pronouns of the written language, which separates the forms of the 3rd person plural hun (dative) and hen (accusative), otherwise there is a uniform object case.
In the Berlin dialect, the division into accusative and dative, which has already been abandoned in the Low German substratum, becomes visible again through the overlaying with standard German morphological forms. However, their use remains unsafe. While the standard German dative forms are used almost consistently for the pronouns (“mir” instead of the Low German “mi”), the accusative case, which is easier to form aloud, is often used for other objects.
The collapse of the accusative and dative to the object case is accompanied by the loss of the genitive. The construction with von + dative replaces the genitive ( from the man instead of the man ). In the case of the prepositionally required genitive, one observes replacement by the dative ( because of the rain instead of the rain ). See also article genitive, section genitive for prepositions . In the English language ( Saxon genitive ) as well as in some German dialects ("the neighbor his cat"), the use of a sentence particle indicating possession has emerged, see section Alternative formation of the genitive .
Examples
- De Fru kiekt the man. / De vrouw kijkt de man aan. (The woman looks at the man. / Femina virum adspicit.)
( Man is in the lens, in standard German or Latin the word man would be in the accusative)
- De Fru found the man Koken. / De vrouw geeft de man koek. (The woman gives the man cake. / Femina viro placentam dat.)
( Mann is in the lens, in Standard German or Latin the word Mann would be in the dative)
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ "About the 'Akkudativ' in Berlinischen" (PDF; 1.0 MB), Peter Schlobinski, 1987