Orta Oyunu
Orta Oyunu refers to old Turkish folk theater that is played between the audience instead of on a theater stage. The place where the theater play takes place is called palanka . The main characters are Kavuklu and Pişekâr. The main female character is Zenne and is traditionally played by a man. Orta-Oyunu is first mentioned in writing in 1833 and reached its peak towards the end of the 19th century. Orta Oyunu became known in Europe through the descriptions of the Hungarian author Ignácz Kúnos.
description
The Turkish term "Orta Oyunu" means "entertainment staged in the middle" and thus indicates the type of presentation in the midst of the audience, but also the folk-related subjects: Traditional Orta Oyunu themes were typical situations from people's lives and the imitation and caricature of certain types of people.
The representations were often characterized by witty puns and play on words , but also not infrequently by extremely coarse humor.
The pieces, which were often improvised over long distances, were initially passed on orally. Analogies to the pieces of the Karagöz theater can be found in later written versions .
46 theater plays can be verified in written sources, some of them have identical names with plays of the Karagöz shadow theater. About 25 performers of the Kavuklu can be proven in writing.
characters
Kavuklu
Kavuklu (Turkish for The Man with the Kavuk ) is the main character of Orta Oyunu.
dress
The clothing of the kavuklu consists of a caftan ( cübbe ) and a Şalvar as trousers. As headgear, he wears a kavuk , a Turkish headgear that comes in different versions and a. by officers of the janissaries , by viziers, by mollas , by professional scribes ( katip ). All Kavuklu clothing is in red color.
character
Kavuklu often appears as a peddler , handyman or house servant. The character Kavuklu is characterized by the fact that she often misunderstands what is said, clumsily executes commands by twisting and exaggerating them. His acting is characterized by excessive boasting, cunning, cunning, quick-wittedness and the imitation of dialects - especially dialects of the non-Turkish minorities of the Ottoman Empire .
role
The role of the kavuklu is not prepared, but arises spontaneously during the performance, which takes place in the middle of the audience. Therefore, the role of Kavuklu was considered challenging. The masters of Orta-Oyunu are the Kavuklu actors Kavuklu Hamdi (1841-1911), Abdürrezzak Abdi Efendi (1835-1914), Kel Hasan (1874-1929), Naşit Bey (1889-1938, the father of Adile Naşit ).
meaning
To this day, elements of Orta Oyunu have been preserved, especially in the impromptu theater ; Recently, however, in other areas of contemporary theater as well, play in the midst of the audience has increasingly been seen as a modern stylistic device of direction.
The original Orta Oyunu is now considered to be extinct, there are repeated attempts at revival that have so far been unsuccessful. Today Orta Oyunu is mostly only listed as a tourist attraction or can sometimes be seen in entertainment shows on television or at religious celebrations such as the Ramadan festival. During the reform period in Turkey at the beginning of the 20th century and during the transition to the republic, Orta Oyunu faced serious competition from theater according to European tradition. When many modernists were in favor of banning Orta Oyunu completely, this tradition gradually disappeared.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Pertev Naili Boratav in Encyclopaedia of Islam , article ORTA OYUNU
- ↑ a b c d e f Walther Björkmann in Encyclopaedia of Islam , article Kawuklu
- ↑ Pertev Naili Boratav in Encyclopaedia of Islam, article Orta Oyunu - entertainment staged in the middle place
- ↑ Selim Nüzhet Gerçek Türk Temaşası: Meddah, Karagöz, Orta oyunu , Istanbul 1942
- ↑ İbrahim Alaettin Gövsa Türk meşhurları ansiklopedisi (Encyclopedia of Famous Turks), Istanbul 1946
literature
- Ignácz Kúnos Orta-oyounou , Budapest 1888
- Ignácz Kúnos The Turkish folk play: Orta Ojunu , Leipzig 1908
- Edmond Saussey Littérature populaire turque , Paris 1936
- Nicholas N. Martinovitch The Turkish theater , New York 1933
- Ahmet Kutsi Tecer Köylü temsilleri , Ankara 1940
- Theodor Menzel Meddah, Shadow Theater and Orta-Ojunu , Prague 1941
- Helga Uplegger Das Volksschauspiel in Philologiae turcicae fundamenta Vol. II, Wiesbaden 1964, pp. 147–170