Osborndale Ivanhoe

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Osborndale Ivanhoe (* 1952, † 1963) was an American breeding bull of the Holstein-Friesian breed . He was first known for his outstanding breeding characteristics and his high progeny. In the 1990s it became known that he was the sire of the disease bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency caused by a genetic defect .

Breeding history

Frances Osborne Kellogg, breeder of the bull Osborndale Ivanhoe
The home of Osbornedale Farm, which now houses a museum.

The bull Osborndale Ivanhoe was born on April 26, 1952 at Osbornedale Farm in Derby, Connecticut . His father was the bull Osborne Ty Vic, his mother QUA F Abbek Gay. His breeder was Frances Osborne Kellogg (* 1876 in Derby, † September 26, 1956 in Derby), the owner of the Osbornedale Farm. Frances Osborne came from a family of industrialists and took over the farm after her father's death in 1907. In 1919 she married the New York architect Waldo Stewart Kellogg. He dedicated himself to breeding Holstein-Friesian cattle on the farm. Through targeted breeding selection, they had great breeding successes and their cattle became known throughout New England for their outstanding quality and performance. After the death of her husband in 1928, Frances Osborne Kellogg continued to raise cattle.

From the 1920s until Frances Osborne Kellogg's death in 1956, the Osborne breed was one of the most influential Holstein herds in the United States. The year after Kellog's death, the herd was disbanded in a public auction on May 7 and 8, 1957. The 144 female cattle achieved an average price of 1,182 US dollars, which was more than three times the average price of 356 US dollars that was achieved for all cattle auctioned in the country this year. Wis Maestro bull fetched $ 30,000.

Osborndale Ivanhoe was sold by his breeder as a young bull to the American Breeders Service , who initially used him as a stud bull, and later also to obtain frozen semen for artificial insemination .

The bull died in November 1963 and was given a grave with a plaque. In memory of the bull, the National Dairy Shrine Museum in Fort Atkinson , Wisconsin, exhibits a glass painting by Osborndale Ivanhoe that was auctioned for charity at the 2004 All-American Dairy Show.

Breeding use and offspring

Of the estimated 100,000 direct descendants of Osborndale Ivanhoe, around 100 bulls and 5,000 cows continued to be used in breeding. His last breeding value includes 10,194 daughters in 2,214 different farms. This large number of offspring was only made possible by artificial insemination, the technology of which had been developed so far in the late 1950s that it was widely used. This made it possible to divide an ejaculate into several portions, to keep the semen frozen for a longer period of time and to transport it over long distances. Osborndale Ivanhoe is considered to be the first bull to gain international influence through artificial insemination.

Due to the increasing milk yield, it was necessary in the 1960s to breed larger-framed cows with larger digestive tracts and higher-hanging udders. The seed of the very large-framed Osborndale Ivanhoe, who also passed this trait on to his offspring, was therefore very popular and in demand worldwide. A serving was then traded for up to $ 12,000. The final servings of seeds were still used in the early 1980s and sold for up to $ 1,500 per serving.

Due to the intensive use in breeding, Osborndale Ivanhoe became one of the five most influential bulls for the Holstein-Friesian breed and is also referred to as the father of the modern Holstein breed .

progeny

The direct and indirect offspring of Osborndale Ivanhoe include numerous breeding animals with a great influence on the Holstein-Friesian breed:

  • Sons
    • Provin Mtn Ivanhoe Jeweln (* 1960)
    • Hilltop Apollo Ivanhoe (* 1960)
    • Penstate Ivanhoe Star (* 1962) - the spread of the genetic disease Complex Vertebral Malformation (CVM) goes back to him , while Osborndale Ivanhoe was not a carrier of the mutation. Penstate Ivanhoe Star also carried the BLAD mutation.
    • Fleetridge Monitor (* 1962)
  • Daughters
    • Allendairy Glamorous Ivy (* 1978) - was the first Holstein-Friesian cow to be sold for more than 1,000,000 US dollars in 1982.
  • Grandchildren and great-grandchildren
    • Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell (* 1974) - was used intensively in the 1980s and 1990s because of the excellent milk production of his daughters; In the USA alone, 1200 of his sons had daughters with performance test data and there were more than 79,000 of his daughters in performance tests.
    • Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation (RORA) (* 1965) - was the world's most influential Holstein bull of the 1980s with around 8,800,000 children and grandchildren worldwide. He is the son of the Osborndale Ivanhoe daughter Round Oak Ivanhoe Eve. 99.8% of the German breeding bulls born in 1999 were descendants of Elevation.
    • Hanoverhill Starbuck (* 1979) - was a son of Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation and the breeding cow A Anacres Astronaut Ivanhoe, a granddaughter of Hilltop Apollo Ivanhoe; he was also one of the most influential Holstein bulls internationally in the 1980s and 1990s. Hanoverhill Sturbuck sold a total of $ 25,000,000 of semen.
    • Starbuck II (born September 7, 2000 in Saint-Hyacinthe) - was a calf cloned from Hanoverhill Starbucks cells, which was born two years after its death.

Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD)

It was only in 1989 that it was discovered that Osborndale Ivanhoe was the carrier of a mutation which leads to the disease bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency in homozygous carriers . The genetic defect leads to a defective function of the neutrophil granulocytes , as a result of which the immunological defense against infections is severely impaired. Affected calves suffer from recurrent bacterial infections, particularly of the respiratory and digestive tract, and their growth is reduced. The disease is fatal within the first two years of life.

Since BLAD is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner , the disease did not occur until two decades after Osborndale Ivanhoe's death. Due to the massive worldwide use of his offspring in Holstein-Friesian breeding, a high degree of inbreeding was reached in the 1990s, which resulted in an increasing number of homozygous carriers. At the time the inheritance was discovered, 15% of bulls and 6% of breeding cows in the United States were carriers of the mutation.

Through the development of genetic tests, the consistent testing of all breeding bulls and the exclusion of BLAD-positive bulls from use in artificial insemination, it has been possible to largely eliminate the disease from Holstein-Friesian breeding.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Entry on Osborndale Ivanhoe on the homepage of the Dutch Cooperative for Cattle Insemination CRV, accessed on December 13, 2014
  2. ^ Mrs. Frances Osborne Kellogg Dies at Osborndale; Dairy Farmer, Prize Cattle Breeder, Manufacturer, Patron of Arts Deeded Vast Property for a Park. In: The Evening Sentinel, September 27, 1956, accessed December 12, 2014
  3. ^ Osborne Homestead Museum - History of the Osborne Family . on the homepage of the Department for Energy and Environmental Protection, accessed December 11, 2014
  4. ↑ Favorite Stoves No Longer In Business Final Countdown! on the homepage: Dairy Agenda Today, accessed on December 12, 2014
  5. ↑ P. Skahill: How A Connecticut Bull Changed Dairy Farming Forever. Article dated June 27, 2014, published on The Beaker, accessed December 9, 2014
  6. ↑ P. Skahill: How A Connecticut Bull Changed Dairy Farming Forever. Article dated June 27, 2014, published on The Beaker, accessed December 9, 2014
  7. ↑ Ivanhoe Image Fundraiser. In: The Chronicle - News for Members of National Dairy Shrine, August 2004, p. 14
  8. ↑ V. Reitman: Only 7 Remain In Battle Of The Bulls - Forty Years Ago 100 Stations Offered Bull Sperm, But That Number Dwindled As The Size Of The Us Dairy Herd Dropped . Article dated June 18, 1990, accessed December 9, 2014
  9. ↑ P. Skahill: How A Connecticut Bull Changed Dairy Farming Forever. Article dated June 27, 2014, published on The Beaker, accessed December 9, 2014
  10. ↑ Breeding value from October 2014
  11. ↑ V. Reitman: Only 7 Remain In Battle Of The Bulls - Forty Years Ago 100 Stations Offered Bull Sperm, But That Number Dwindled As The Size Of The Us Dairy Herd Dropped . Article dated June 18, 1990, accessed December 9, 2014
  12. ↑ P. Skahill: How A Connecticut Bull Changed Dairy Farming Forever. Article dated June 27, 2014, published on The Beaker, accessed December 9, 2014
  13. ↑ V. Reitman: Only 7 Remain In Battle Of The Bulls - Forty Years Ago 100 Stations Offered Bull Sperm, But That Number Dwindled As The Size Of The Us Dairy Herd Dropped . Article dated June 18, 1990, accessed December 9, 2014
  14. ^ CW Young, AJ Seykora: Estimates of Inbreeding and Relationship Among Registered Holstein Females in the United States. In: J Dairy Sci 79, 1996, pp. 502-505
  15. ↑ Derby History Quiz. on the homepage of the city of Derby, accessed on December 11, 2014
  16. ↑ B. Thomsen: A missense mutation in the bovine SLC35A3 gene, encoding a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter, causes complex vertebral malformation. In: Genome Research 16, 2006, pp. 97-105, doi : 10.1101 / gr.3690506
  17. ^ Understanding Genetic Recessives in Holsteins. from the homepage of the Center for Genetic Improvement of Livestock at the University of Guelph, 2008, accessed December 13, 2014
  18. ↑ entry to Allendairy Glamorous Ivy on the homepage Dairycowdaily.com, accessed on 13 December 2014
  19. ^ T. Olson: New Genes: Good and Bad. In: Proceedings of the 39th Florida Dairy Production Conference 2002, pp. 68-74
  20. ↑ S. Somashekhar: A Mooving Tribute To a Stud of a Bull - Breeders Pay Homage to Loudoun Native. In: Washington Post, July 27, 2006, accessed December 15, 2014
  21. ↑ Looking for the original elevation. In: Holstein International "Cows of the World II", 2010, p. 39
  22. ↑ BJ Van Doormaal et al. "Genetic diversification of the Holstein breed in Canada and internationally." Interbull Bulletin 33, 2005, 93-97
  23. ↑ Who is Sturbuck? ( Memento of the original from December 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the Center d'insémination artificielle du Québec, accessed on December 14, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ciaq.com
  24. ↑ StarResearchers from the Université de Montréal Faculty of Veterinary Medecine and l'Alliance Boviteq succeeded in cloning Starbuck. Press release from the University of Montreal on September 20, 2000
  25. ^ ME Kehrli: Molecular definition of the bovine granulocytopathy syndrome: identification of deficiency of the Mac-1 (CDllWCD18) glycoprotein. In: Am J Vet Res. 51 (11) 1990, pp. 1826-1836
  26. ↑ Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD). In: Walter Busch, Wolfgang Methling, Werner Max Amselgruber: Animal health and animal disease theory. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2004, p. 47
  27. ↑ DE Shuster: Identification and prevalence of a genetic defect that causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency in Holstein cattle. In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89, October 1992, pp. 9225-9229
  28. ↑ DE Illie et al .: Control Strategies for Prevention of Undesirable Traits in Cattle - Review. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 44 (1) 2011, pp. 415-419