Palapa

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Palapa is a series of geostationary communications satellites owned by Indosat , an Indonesian telecommunications company .

history

The program was started in February 1975 in order to fully develop communications technology and to provide telephone, television and data services to the approximately 13,000 islands of the state. The orbital positions should also be secured in this way. In addition, the system is used for meteorological purposes and for civil aviation. At that time, the government of Indonesia agreed with Hughes (now Boeing Satellite Systems ) the delivery of the first two satellites Palapa 1A and 1B. The name Palapa was chosen by President Suharto and means "fruit of labor". The name Palapa is also a reference to "SUMPAH Palapa", the oath of Gajah Mada , a king of the Javanese majapahit-Riches from the 14th century from the Pararaton (Book of Kings). Gajah Mada swore that he would not taste all the spices until he was able to agree on Nusantara (in the Indonesian archipelago). Referring to this ancient oath, the Palapa satellite series has also been linked to the modern version of the idea of ​​Indonesia's reunification.

The first satellite was launched on July 9, 1976 and brought to a position of 77 ° east longitude. He had 12 transponders, which allowed about 5000 telephone calls or 12 television programs to be transmitted to the 40 ground stations at the time. The system was officially put into operation on August 16, 1976, and has also been used on a rental basis by other Asian countries such as the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand since 1979. In 1983 the first satellite of the next generation followed with Palapa 2A. The best-known satellite in the series is Palapa B2, which was launched with the space shuttle, but did not reach the intended orbit and was recovered in a second shuttle mission.

The Palapa satellites were operated by the state-run telecommunications company Perusahaan Umum Telekomunikasi ("Perumtel"), which was renamed Telkom Indonesia in 1991 . The deregulation of the Indonesian telecommunications market led to the establishment of PT Satellit Palapa Indonesia ( Satelindo ), in which Telkom also had shares. The Palapa B2P satellite and its customers were transferred to Satelindo, while the Palapa B2R and Palapa B4 remained with Telkom.

Satellite fleet

Surname Manufacturer Satellite bus begin Launcher position Remarks
Palapa-A1 Hughes HS-333 July 8, 1976 Delta-2914 83 ° East The spin-stabilized, cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 574 kg, an orbital mass of 293 kg, a height of 3.7 m, a diameter of 1.9 m, about 250 watt solar cell power, 12 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned service life of seven years. The launch was from Cape Canaveral LC-17A . It has been out of service since 1985.
Palapa-A2 Hughes HS-333 March 3, 1977 Delta-2914 77 ° East The spin-stabilized, cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 574 kg, an orbital mass of 293 kg, a height of 3.7 m, a diameter of 1.9 m, about 250 watt solar cell power, 12 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned service life of seven years. The launch was from Cape Canaveral LC-17A. It has been out of service since 1988.
Palapa-B1 Hughes HS-376 June 24, 1983 Space shuttle 134 ° East The spin-stabilized, cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 1200 kg, an orbital mass of 650 kg, a height of 6.70 m (2.84 m stowed), a diameter of 2.16 m, 24 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned one Service life of eight years. The solar cells deliver around 1 kW of power. The launch took place from the Kennedy Space Center on the STS-7 mission . It was renamed Palapa Pacific 1 in 1991 after being bought by PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara . It has been out of service since October 1995 and is drifting off course.
Palapa-B2 Hughes HS-376 3rd February 1984 Space shuttle - The spin-stabilized, cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 1200 kg, an orbital mass of 650 kg, a height of 6.70 m (2.84 m stowed), a diameter of 2.16 m, 24 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned one Service life of eight years. The solar cells deliver around 1 kW of power. The launch took place from the Kennedy Space Center on the STS-41-B mission . Since it did not reach its planned orbit due to a fault in the apogee engine , it was recaptured at STS-51-A and later restarted as PALAPA-B2R.
Palapa B2P Hughes HS-376 March 20, 1987 Delta-3920 PAM-D 142 ° East It was planned as PALAPA B3, but started as a replacement for Palapa-B2. The cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 1200 kg, an orbital mass of 650 kg, a height of 6.70 m, a diameter of 2.16 m (2.84 m stowed), 24 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned service life of eight years. The solar cells deliver around 1 kW of power. The launch was from Cape Canaveral LC-17B . In mid-1996 it was sold to PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara and then named Agila 1. It has been out of service since January 1998 and is drifting off course.
Palapa B2R Hughes HS-376 April 13, 1990 Delta-6925-8 42.5 ° East Formerly Palapa 2, has been restarted under a new name after maintenance. The cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 1200 kg, an orbital mass of 650 kg, a height of 6.70 m, a diameter of 2.16 m (2.84 m stowed), 24 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned service life of eight years. The solar cells deliver around 1 kW of power. The launch was from Cape Canaveral LC-17B. The satellite has been out of service since June 2005 and has been moved to a park orbit. The satellite was leased to the US operator Newsat from January 2001 and named Newsat 1.
Palapa-B4 Hughes HS-376 May 13, 1992 Delta-7925-8 65.5 ° East The cylindrical satellite had a launch mass of 1200 kg, an orbital mass of 650 kg, a height of 6.70 m, a diameter of 2.16 m (2.84 m stowed), 24 transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth each and a planned service life of eight years. The solar cells deliver around 1 kW of power. The launch was from Cape Canaveral LC-17B. The satellite has been out of service since August 2005 and has been moved to a park orbit.
Palapa-C1 Hughes HS-601 February 1, 1996 Atlas-2AS 113 ° East The satellite was planned to replace Palapa B2P. The launch was from Cape Canaveral LC-36B . The satellite had a launch mass of 3000 kg, an orbital mass of 1775 kg, a height of 4.70 m, a width and length at launch 3.60 m and in space with the four deployed antennas 7.5 m. The solar cell surfaces with a span of 21 m deliver around 3.73 kW of power. The satellite has had battery problems since November 1998 and was first written off and so an insurance claim. However, since it is largely functional and only needs to be put into standby for a few hours to charge the battery, it was used again as HGS 3, later Anatolia 1 and then as Paksat 1. The cube-shaped satellite is equipped with 30 C-band (including six reserve and extended C-band) transponders with 36 MHz bandwidth and 21.5 watts transmission power as well as 4 Ku-band transponders with 72 MHz bandwidth and 135 watts transmission power.
Palapa-C2 Hughes HS-601 May 16, 1996 Ariane-44L 113 ° East The launch took place from the Center Spatial Guyanais ELA-2 . The satellite is identical to Palapa C1.
Palapa-D1 Thales Spacebus-4000B3 August 31, 2009 CZ-3B - The satellite was ordered from Thales Alenia Space by Indosat in 2007 and built without American components. It carries 35 C-band (24 standard and 11 extended) and 5 Ku-band transponders, has a launch mass of around 4.1 t, an output of 6 kW and a planned service life of 15 years. It was placed in low orbit due to a malfunction in the launch vehicle third stage.
Palapa-N1 (Nusantara Dua) April 9, 2020 CZ-3B - The satellite was lost when the rocket failed to launch.

In addition, two satellites of the TELKOM series are operated, which were launched on August 21, 1999 and November 2, 2005 from the Center Spatial Guyanais with Ariane rockets.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Palapa. In: The Mission and Spacecraft Library. NASA JPL, accessed September 19, 2013 .
  2. ^ Jos Heyman: The Ups + Downs Of Indonesian ComSats. SatMagazine, June 2013, accessed September 19, 2013 .
  3. ↑ Tonda Priyanto: THE JOURNEY OF TELKOM IN OPERATING COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES TO SERVE THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO. (PDF; 5.1 MB) In: Online Journal of Space Communication, Issue 8: Regional Development: Indonesia. 2004, p. 8 , accessed on September 19, 2013 (English): “In 1993, the government started to deregulate the satellite business by approving a private company partly owned by TELKOM. PT Satellindo became a satellite operator in addition to being a cellular operator with a license from the government. The PALAPA B2P and its customers were handed over by TELKOM to the new company. After 1993, TELKOM was operating two satellites: PALAPA B2R and PALAPA B4 and continued to market its satellite business. "
  4. ↑ Palapa A1 (tbs-Satellite)
  5. ↑ Palapa A2 (tbs satellite)
  6. ↑ Palapa B1 (tbs satellite)
  7. ↑ Palapa B2P (tbs-Satellite)
  8. ↑ Palapa B2R (tbs-Satellite)
  9. ↑ Palapa B4 (tbs-Satellite)
  10. ↑ a b Palapa-C Factsheet (Boeing) ( Memento from June 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ^ Thales Alenia Space To Build Palapa-D Satellite For Indosat, "Space Mart, July 2, 2007, loaded August 23, 2009.
  12. ↑ Indosat choisit Thales Alenia Space pour construire le satellite Palapa-D ( Memento of March 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ^ Rui C. Barbosa: Chang Zheng-3B suffers third stage problem during Palapa-D launch. nasaspaceflight.com, August 31, 2009, accessed September 2, 2009 .
  14. ↑ Stephen Clark: Chinese rocket fails during the launch of Indonesian communications satellite. Spaceflight Now, April 9, 2020, accessed June 19, 2020 .