Philosophical logic

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The term "philosophical logic" is used in several ways in philosophy :

  1. He describes logic as a branch of philosophy, in contrast to mathematical logic , with which it however strongly overlaps. In philosophy, logic is generally seen more as a contribution to a general theory of (correct) reasoning , which can also include pragmatic aspects. This aspect is not the subject of mathematics. In philosophy, as part of the discipline of logic, questions of logic justification etc. that are outside the subject of mathematics and that are, for the sake of clarity, the philosophy of logiccan be attributed as a separate discipline. However, there is no general consensus on how these disciplines are to be delimited from one another and from the philosophy of language .
  2. Modern logic begins with Gottlob Frege (1879), but was rather hesitant to establish itself in philosophy. Before the general recognition of modern, “symbolic” logic (which was initially also referred to by the now outdated term “logistics”) in philosophy, “philosophical logic” was often understood to mean the traditional logic, consisting predominantly of syllogistics , which was derived from the "Other", new logic should be delimited. “Mathematical logic” and “philosophical logic” then do not mean different disciplines, but only different stages of development of the same logic. This usage has practically disappeared today.
  3. As terminus technicus , “philosophical logic” today usually describes various formal logics that expand the logic of propositions and predicate logic in different ways, usually by adding further operators for certain areas of speech to their language. These include deontic logic , epistemic logic , (alethic) modal logic , interrogative logic , illocutionary logic, and much more. The term "philosophical logic" is mainly explained by the fact that these logics can usually be applied to substantial philosophical problem areas (e.g. the deontic Logic on ethics ). Nonetheless, it is a matter of formal logics that are also examined in mathematical logic.
  4. Occasionally non-classical logics , which change some rules of inference compared to classical logic due to philosophical considerations , are referred to as "philosophical logics". Standard examples are intuitionist logic , paraconsistent logic, and relevance logic . Books such as John P. Burgess' Philosophical Logic , the Blackwell Companion to Philosophical Logic or the multi-volume Handbook of Philosophical Logic (edited by Dov M. Gabbay and Franz Guenthner) deal with philosophical logic in the sense of 3rd and 4th of this branch the logic has gained considerably in importance through recent developments in artificial intelligence and theoretical computer science . Such logics are also examined in mathematical logic.

See also

Section Philosophical Logics in the main article Logic , see: Philosophical Logics .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c John P. Burgess: Philosophical logic . Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 9780691137896 , pp. Vii-viii.
  2. ^ Dale Jacquette: Philosophy of logic . Elsevier, 2007, ISBN 9780444515414 , p. 1.
  3. ^ Franz von Kutschera / Alfred Breitkopf: Introduction to modern logic , 8th edition 2007, ISBN 978-3-495-482711 , p. 17
  4. ↑ Lou Goble (Ed.): The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Oxford: Blackwell 2001. ISBN 0-631-20693-0
  5. ↑ Dov M. Gabbay / Franz Guenthner (Eds.): Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Berlin: Springer 2001ff.