Reasoning theory

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The argumentation theory is a branch of philosophy that deals with the form and use of arguments is concerned. It mediates between the sub-disciplines of logic and rhetoric . Her subject area also extends into the disciplines of psychology , law , linguistics , education and literary criticism .

After an eventful, approximately 2,500-year history of arguing speech, the term arguing has acquired a new relevance for philosophy and science since the middle of the 20th century . There are many attempts to replace or reinterpret the concept of truth , especially in normative subject areas, with non-normative drafts such as that of argumentative validity (Wohlrapp) or the conditional consent of third parties (Perelman).

An argument is often understood as a piece of human speech that is suitable to prove the validity or invalidity of a (hitherto doubtful) thesis . According to traditional understanding, for example according to Aristotle , different types of arguments were always differentiated, including those which z. B. be based on traditional assumptions and attributions of authority or rhetorical means. However, it was assumed that the ideal case of an argument is free from such conditions and means:

The ideal argument use one or more premises which are formulated in such a way that their references or truth makers can be philosophically precisely grasped and which are independently plausible as premises , and from which a thesis to be proven is irrefutable for everyone because it is logical , whereby a concept of logical consequence according to classical logics was assumed. Numerous proposals for argumentation theory developed especially in the 19th and 20th centuries aim to show that such an ideal model is inadequate for too many cases. It captures too few plausible arguments that are considered valid and inappropriately represents their structure. In addition, in order to criteriologically delimit cases of arguing against those of explaining , proving or obtaining consent through threats or temptations ( eristics ), a much more extensive theoretical framework must be developed that primarily requires non-classical logics .

Following on from ancient classifications ( logic , dialectics , rhetoric), a distinction is made between argumentation as a product, procedure and process. For the product perspective, the transition from premises to conclusions is essential. In addition to classic logic, new logic systems, especially those of dialogical logic and various semi-formal approaches such as informal logic or pragma dialectics , are used here. Based on Chaim Perelman 's so-called " New Rhetoric ", figures relevant to acceptance are studied in theory and empiricism, while Charles Leonard Hamblin opened a new academic sub -field in 1970 that deals with fallacies .

Stephen Toulmin developed a much-noticed scheme for practical purposes : that an argument is always addressed (self-addressing as a borderline case), that argumentative speaking represents linguistic communication , is a basic insight for procedural theories. The results of linguistic pragmatics on the dependence of linguistic understanding on common rules were processed into various normative approaches, in particular to discourse theory .

The concept of arguing is thematized in numerous disciplines, partly as an object of investigation, partly as a framework for the clarification of methodological problems.

literature

  • Frans van Eemeren , et al. a .: Fundamentals of Argumentation Theory. A handbook of historical backgrounds and contemporary developments . Erlbaum Books, Mahwah, NJ 1996, ISBN 0-8058-1862-6
  • Klaus Jacobi (ed.): Theory of argumentation. Scholastic research on the logical and semantic rules of correct inference . 6 parts, each with an introduction by the publisher (Studies and Texts on the Spiritual History of the Middle Ages, Vol. 18) Verlag Brill, Leiden, New York and Cologne 1993. ISBN 90-04-09822-4
  • Josef Kopperschmidt : Argumentation theory for an introduction . 2nd Edition. Junius, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 978-3-88506-320-9 .
  • Josef Kopperschmidt (Ed.): Rhetoric . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt
  • Christoph Lumer : Practical Theory of Argumentation. Theoretical foundations, practical reasons and rules for important types of argument. Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 1990
  • Arno Ros : Reason and term. Changes in the understanding of conceptual arguments. Meiner, Hamburg, 1989/1990, 3 vol .; ISBN 3-7873-0962-4 .
  • Holm Tetens : Philosophical Argumentation: An Introduction . Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 978-34065-1114-1 .
  • Stephen Toulmin : The Use of Arguments . Beltz Athenaeum, Weinheim 1996, ISBN 3-89547-096-1
  • Harald Wohlrapp : The concept of the argument. About the relationships between knowledge, research, belief, subjectivity and reason . Würzburg: Königshausen u. Neumann, 2008 ISBN 978-3-8260-3820-4

Web links

supporting documents

  1. See the brief overview in the introduction to Harald Wohlrapp (ed.): Ways of argumentation research . Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-7728-1660-6 .
  2. See for example Paul Lorenzen , Kuno Lorenz : Dialogic logic . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1978, ISBN 3-534-06707-X ; Laurent Keiff:  Dialogical Logic. In: Edward N. Zalta (Ed.): Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . .
  3. See for example John Woods, Douglas Walton : Fallacies. Selected papers 1972–1982 , Foris Publications, Dordrecht 1989, ISBN 90-6765-305-5 .
  4. fundamental: Chaim Perelman , Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca : The new rhetoric. A Treatise on Arguing . Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7728-2229-0 .
  5. See Stephen Toulmin: The Use of Argument , 1958.
  6. See for example Karl-Otto Apel : Discourse and Responsibility. The problem of the transition to post-conventional morality . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1997, ISBN 3-518-28493-2
  7. Jürgen Habermas : Theory of communicative action . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / M. 1999, Vol. 1. - Rationality of action and social rationalization , ISBN 3-518-28775-3 , Vol. 2. - On the critique of functionalist reason , ISBN 3-518-28775-3
  8. See Eemeren : Fundamentals , 1996.