Quatsino
The Quatsino First Nation or Quatsino or Gwat'sinux is one of the First Nations on Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia . Five tribes are grouped under this name, namely the Giopino, Hoyalas, Klaskino, Koskimo and the Quatsino. According to the Aboriginal Canada Portal, there are 384 Quatsino living in 70 houses, with most living in Quatsino Subdivision 18. This main reserve is east of Coal Harbor.
This place is the only major settlement in Quatsino Sound. In all treaty negotiations, the tribe, along with three other tribes, is represented by the Winalagalis Treaty Group of the Kwakwaka'wakw . In addition to the Quatsino, the contract group includes the Da'naxda'xw Awaetlatla Nation , the Gwa'Sala-Nakwaxda'xw Nation and the Tlatlasikwala Nation .
history
The common place of origin of the five tribes is X w a tis. From there, however, they were forcibly resettled in 1972. At the end of the 18th century, the Koskimo took over the territory of the Hoyalas tribe and became the predominant tribe on the Quatsino Sound.
The first encounter with whites probably took place in 1868 when the Royal Navy ship HMS Scout drove the governor around the entire Vancouver island . But blankets from the Hudson's Bay Company have appeared here before .
In 1881 and 1882, the Norwegian collector Johan Adrian Jacobsen came to the Koskimo and Quatsino on behalf of Adolf Bastian from the Berlin Ethnographic Museum . He hiked from Tsaxis ( Fort Rupert ) through the Quatsino area with George Hunt, a 26-year-old interpreter with a Scottish father and Tlingit mother as guide and translator. Negetze, the chief of the Koskimo, and his daughter-in-law, chief of the Quatsino, received the Norwegian in a friendly manner. He, for his part, stole the skulls of the ancestors under a pretext. But he also bought some cedar fiber blankets and mountain goat blankets from the younger Negetze, known as Wacas. However, his attempt to bring the couple and a few others to Berlin failed because of the tribe's justified distrust. In 1885 there were 185 Koskimo in 18 long houses in X w a tis.
On the instructions of the Indian Reserve Commissioner , the Quatsino reservations were assigned, among them the winter village in X w a tis, which was mostly inhabited by Koskimo and was now called "Quattishe Indian Reserve No. 1".
When the Koskimo were invited by the Kwakiutl to a winter potlatch in Tsaxis (Fort Rupert) together with the 'Nakwaxda'xw in 1894 , this ceremony was documented by Franz Boas . Both Boas' and Jacobsen's methods with which they acquired the "art objects" are very controversial today.
As early as 1884 the land was sold on a large scale to whites, such as Norwegian settlers who established a colony called "Scandia" on the site of a Quatsino village, in the immediate vicinity of the Quattishe Indian Reserve . Scandia was later called Quatsino, and it is here that the first Quatsino Sound school was built. But First Nations children were not allowed here. The Anglican Church of St. Olaf's, built in 1897, is considered the oldest surviving building in the north. In 1889 the old Quatsino village of Sipaya (Winter Harbor) was named Grass Point Indian Reserve No. 13 established. In 1901, 25 people lived there in 9 houses.
In 1911 there were 72 Indians in Quatsino Sound, 20 of them Quatsino. In 1929 they made 10 out of 49. At the same time, the number of other Kwakwala-speaking Indians decreased so that the Giopino, Hoyalas and Klaskino were declared extinct. The Giopino came from an area in northern Quatsino Sound. When the Quatsino came here, the Giopino were pushed into the Koskimo area. They only left the piles of their longhouses, which stood until 1950. The tribe itself died out around 1935.
Coal Harbor , Holberg , Port Alice, Quatsino and Winter Harbor were founded on the former Indian land. In Coal Harbor attempts were made to mine coal with little success. After that the company switched to whaling until 1967 , and from the 1970s until 1996 a mine supplied copper. Holberg was founded by Danish settlers, named after Baron Ludwig Holberg . The gigantic forests of the north with their huge Sitka spruce trees have been almost completely cut down. In 1897 the Danes founded Cape Scott on the site of an old village of the Nakomgilisala tribe. But the destruction of the forests wasn't everything. The mills, paper mills and pulp mills, especially around Port Alice founded in 1917, are still poisoning the Quatsino Sound with a dangerous cocktail of chemicals. This is especially true for the Nerotsos Inlet.
The last area to be cleared was Klashkish (Tl'ásk'inuxw) in the traditional area of Klaskino. Their traditional tribal area comprised the space between the Brooks Peninsula (Cape Cook) to a line about 10 km south of Quatsino Sound. It included Klashkish and the Klaskino Inlet with its drainage area. In 1888 there were only 13 Klaskino left. They were assigned three small reserves in 1889, two of which were withdrawn in 1914. The tribe has been considered extinct since 1940.
Even the fact that the government and logging companies are willing to consult with the remaining logs to maintain their image hardly stops the deforestation. Wind turbines for electricity production are easy to implement in the face of climate change, copper mines can hardly be stopped because the world market prices for this metal no longer know any limits. Even more threatening for the coastal landscape is the increasing intervention in marine biology by fish farms, because these are a great danger for the wild salmon stocks.
Today Fran Hunt-Jinnouchi is chief of the Quatsino. Today she is the first director of the new Office of Indigenous Affairs at the University of Victoria .
In 2007 a fast internet connection was set up in Quatsino, from which the Quatsino also benefit. It remains to be seen whether the Quatsino Museum, which opened its doors in the summer of 2007, will only show the region's "history of conquest" according to the well-known pattern.
Reservations
The current reserves are Ah-we-cha-ol-to 16 (29.9 ha), Cayilth 5 (4.7 ha), Cayuse 6 (38 ha), Clatux 9 (29.5 ha), Clienna 14 (20 , 2 ha), Grass Point 13 (3.4 ha), Klaskish 3 (5.1 ha), Kultah 4 (16.6 ha), Mah-te-not 8 (15.8 ha), Maquazneecht Island 17 ( 2.6 ha), O-ya-kum-la 11 (66.8 ha), Pa-cat'l-lin-ne 3 (3.6 ha), Pulcah 15 (1.2 ha), Quatleyo 12 ( 2.4 ha), Quatsino Subdivision 18 (8.1 ha), Quattishe 1 (93.8 ha), Teeta 7 (3.8 ha), Telaise 1 (20.6 ha), Toh-quo-eugh 2 ( 0.6 ha) and Tsowenachs 2 (21.2 ha).
See also
List of North American Indian tribes
literature
- Douglas Cole: Captured Heritage. The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts , Victoria 1995. ISBN 9780774805377
- Edward S. Curtis : The North American Indian , Vol. 10: The Kwakiutl (digital: [3] ).
- BW Leeson: Natives of Vancouver Island , 1912.
- Thor Heyerdahl : American Indians in the Pacific , 1952.
- David Neel: Our Chiefs and Elders , 1992.
- Kwakiutl Legends . As Told to Pamela Whitaker by Chief James Wallas, Hancock House Publishers Ltd. 1994. ISBN 0888392303
Web links
See also
Remarks
- ↑ According to Aboriginal Portal Canada: Archived copy ( memento of the original dated November 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (no longer online since February 12, 2013).
- ^ In 1896 his "The social organization and the secret societies of the Kwakiutl Indians" appeared.
- ↑ Douglas Cole, Captured Heritage, describes these "raids" by collectors and scientists. The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts. The fact that many artifacts were destroyed during the destruction of Hamburg in World War II is particularly bitter for the tribes. After all, since it was first published in 1985, this book has helped the Kwagiulth Museum and Cultural Center on Quadra Island and the U'Mista Museum and Cultural Center in Alert Bay to retrieve some artifacts from other museums.
- ↑ The destruction of the landscape becomes clear, e.g. B. If you enter "Holberg" on Google Maps, then select Holberg / Canada and look at the landscape up to the north coast.
- ↑ A current study can be found here: [1] .
- ↑ That Curtis was by no means impartial is shown by the following caption: “In physique and intelligence the Quatsino seem inferior to the other Kwakiutl tribes. This plate illustrates the artificial deformation of the head, which formerly was quite general on the North Pacific coast. The process is described in Volume X, page 52. ”On the other hand, he called Yakotlus a chief of the“ Walas Qagyuh1 ”and his“ friend ”(Curtis, vol. 10, The Kwakiutl, 73)
- ↑ The Ring. UVic appoints first director of indigenous affairs: [2]
- ↑ After Aboriginal Portal Canada ( Archived copy ( Memento of the original January 8, 2008 at the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested Please review the original and archive link under. Instructions and then remove this notice. ) Of there via entries under List of Reserves to Profile - Indian and Northern Affairs Canada .
