Rapid prototyping
Rapid prototyping (translated as faster model making ) is the umbrella term for various processes for the rapid production of sample components based on the design data.
Differentiation from other rapid applications
Most of the rapid prototyping processes - except e.g. B. polyamide casting - can be added to additive manufacturing or 3D printing , because they work with material application in layers and without the use of a mold. Rapid prototyping describes the type of application in more detail: While rapid tooling describes the production of tools and rapid manufacturing the production of components and finished products, rapid prototyping describes the creation of prototypes and models.
Procedure
Apart from polyamide casting, rapid prototyping processes are manufacturing processes that aim to convert existing CAD data directly and quickly into workpieces as quickly as possible without manual detours or shapes. The STL format is mostly used as the data interface for the additive process group . The processes that have become known under the term of rapid prototyping since the 1980s are usually primary forming processes that build up the workpiece in layers from shapeless or shape-neutral material using physical and / or chemical effects.
The following methods are used for rapid prototyping:
| Procedure | Materials |
|---|---|
| Electron Beam Melting (EBM) | Metals |
| Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) | ABS , polylactide |
| Laminated Object Modeling (LOM) | Paper, plastics, ceramics or aluminum |
| Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) | Metals |
| Multi Jet Modeling (MJM) | waxy thermoplastics , UV-sensitive photopolymers , sand, metal powder, glass powder |
| Cast polyamide | Polyamides |
| Selective laser melting (SLM) | Metals, plastics, ceramics |
| Selective laser sintering (SLS) | Thermoplastics : polycarbonates , polyamides , polyvinyl chloride , metals, ceramics |
| Space Puzzle Molding (SPM) | Plastics |
| Stereolithography (SL or SLA) | liquid thermosets or elastomers |
| Binder Jetting (3D Printing) | Powder and granules |
In connection with other modern technologies such as reverse engineering (digitization), CAD, virtual reality and modern tool making processes, the process chain within product development is also referred to as rapid product development . This is a sub-area of production automation .
In the past, the term "rapid prototyping" was also used as an umbrella term for the various additive manufacturing processes. In addition to "rapid prototyping", terms such as generative manufacturing processes, layered manufacturing, freeform fabrication, desktop manufacturing, layer manufacturing technology, advanced digital manufacturing (ADM), e-manufacturing, etc. were also used. In the meantime, however, "additive manufacturing", "additive manufacturing processes" and "3D printing" have established themselves as the umbrella term.
This range of uses of additively manufactured components, which has meanwhile grown significantly, is also placing new demands on additively manufactured components that can be solved by subsequent technologies in additive processes such as surface technology. Using abrasive processes such as sandblasting or vibratory grinding, it is possible to level the steps caused by the construction process. It is also possible to paint or metallize the additively manufactured workpieces.
See also
literature
- Berger, Hartmann, Schmid: Additive Manufacturing Processes - Rapid Prototyping, Rapid Tooling, Rapid Manufacturing . 1st edition. Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel, Haan-Gruiten 2013, ISBN 978-3-8085-5033-5 .
- Andreas Gebhardt: Rapid prototyping - tools for rapid product development . 2nd Edition. Hanser Verlag, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-446-21242-6 .
- Petra Fastermann: 3D printing / rapid prototyping: a future technology - in a nutshell . 1st edition. Springer Vieweg, Berlin Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-29224-8 .
- Petra Fastermann: 3D printing: How generative manufacturing technology works . 1st edition. Springer Vieweg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2014, ISBN 978-3-642-40963-9 .
- Andreas Neef, Klaus Burmeister, Stefan Krempl: From Personal Computer to Personal Fabricator . 1st edition. Murmann Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-938017-39-2 .
- Wolfgang G. Trapp: From prototypes to production . Technical reports on industrial topics, Munich 2007.
- Westkämper Engelbert, Bohnet Jens: Surface finishing of RP components. Springer, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-69879-1 .
- Bohnet Jens, Greta Bernhardt: Better surfaces on rapid prototyping workpieces . In: Electroplating . tape 99 . Leutze, Bad Saulgau 2008, p. 1884-1891 .
- Günter Mennig: Tool making in plastics processing: types, manufacture, operation . Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2008.
Web links
- Technology Review: 3D Printers for the People Overview article on the state of the art at Fab @ Home and RepRap
- Stereolithography - Rapid Prototyping at Aalen University (Youtube 5:02)
- Bernd Schuh : 3D PRINTING - Revolution from the replicator , in Deutschlandfunk Wissenschaft im focal point on February 2, 2014
Individual evidence
- ↑ DT Pham, SS Dimov, Rapid manufacturing, Springer-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 1-85233-360-X , p. 6.
- ↑ Rapid prototyping definition. Retrieved November 12, 2019 .
- ↑ Dipl.-Ing. J. Hoffmann: Process of rapid prototyping - possibilities and limits. (PDF) In: Technical University of Dresden. January 17, 2001, accessed March 11, 2020 .