Reference model
One speaks of a reference model if it is a general model for a class of issues that has the following properties:
- On the basis of the general model, special models (as a basis for the construction of very specific facts) can be planned.
- The general model can be used as a comparison object. That is, it enables comparisons with other models that describe the same facts.
- It is a conceptual framework that allows a relatively small number of concepts to understand the relevant relationships of a knowledge domain. The relevance of such a reference model is therefore measured by the power of its concepts in terms of the practical consequences that can actually be derived.
The reference model thus represents a model pattern or design pattern that can be viewed as an ideal-typical model for the class of facts to be modeled. Based on abstract reference models, specific special models can be used as a basis for the development of e.g. B. organizational forms, processes, hardware and software and databases are created. Even complex architectures, e.g. B. are necessary for the implementation of Industry 4.0 , can and should refer to reference models for architectures, so-called reference architectures , such as B. the reference architecture model is Industry 4.0 . According to the glossary Industry 4.0 of the technical committee VDI / VDE-GMA 7.21 'Industry 4.0', a reference model is defined as a model that is generally used and is recognized as being useful (with the character of a recommendation) for deriving specific models.
One reason for the development of reference models is the reusability of existing models, which leads to a cost reduction in the creation of models . The simple modifiability is also an advantage, since it can contribute to the fulfillment of new or changed requirements or to the adaptation of the models to specific requirements and different user groups. It can also be used as a comparison standard for the general description of systems, for example when selecting a system.
Definition of terms
From the meta to the reference model differs in that the meta-model defining the capabilities of the respective model type, while the standard model is only a concrete model. The metamodel thus provides the construction kit; the reference model is a single, exemplary work made from the elements of this kit.
The transition to the standard model is fluid. While reference models are created as examples that you should adapt to your own needs, standard models are more or less binding and accordingly no or only limited adaptations are provided.
Types and areas of application
- Standard software reference models describe structures, functions and processes that are used in standard software.
- Software -independent industry reference models are used to describe industry-specific processes and structures.
- Areas of application : Reference models are used as a starting point for developing a specific company model in order to simplify the modeling. They are used for documentation with a view to supporting the introduction of standard application software. In the area of benchmarking , reference models are compared with processes in actual companies in order to identify potential for improvement. Reference models also serve to collect empirical knowledge. In Industry 4.0, reference models play a role in the areas of system architecture, technical systems, control functions, technical and organizational processes and the tasks and roles of people in Industry 4.0.
Examples
- The Von Neumann architecture is a reference model for computers that was introduced in 1945 and is still mainly used today .
- Network protocols ; here in particular the OSI reference model , TCP / IP protocol family
- Most graphics cards are available from the manufacturer of the graphics processors in reference design; the manufacturers of the graphics cards are usually free to adopt this design.
- The SCOR model as a reference model for processes in the supply chain .
See also
literature
- Jan vom Brocke: Reference modeling, design and distribution of construction processes. Dissertation at the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster. Logos, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8325-0179-7 .
- P. Fettke, P. Loos: Reference modeling research - long version of an article . In: Working Papers of the Research Group Information Systems & Management (printed: ISSN 1617-6324 , ISSN 1617-6332 , Paper 16, Mainz 2004)
- P. Fettke, P. Loos: The contribution of reference modeling to business engineering . In: HMD - Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik . No. 241, 2005, pp. 18-26 hmd.dpunkt.de
- P. Fettke, P. Loos (Eds.): Reference Modeling for Business Systems Analysis . Hershey, PA, et al., USA 2007.
- P. Fettke, P. Loos: Systematic survey of reference models - results of the preliminary investigation (PDF) ISYM - Information Systems & Management, University of Mainz, 2004.
- JM Pawlowski: The Quality Adaptation Model: Adaptation and Adoption of the Quality Standard ISO / IEC 19796-1 for Learning, Education, and Training . (PDF; 466 kB) Educational Technology & Society, 10 (2), 2007.
- K. Stanoevska-Slabeva, B. Schmid: Requirement Analysis for Community Supporting Platforms based on the Media Reference Model, Electronic Markets, 10 (4), 2000, pp. 250-257.
- A. Winter, K. Becker, O. Bott et al .: Reference models for supporting the management of hospital information systems . In: Computer Science, Biometry and Epidemiologies in Medicine and Biology , Volume 30, Issue 4/1999, Urban and Fischer, 1999
- O. Thomas: Understanding the reference model in business informatics: history, literature analysis and term explication . In: IWi - Publications of the Institute for Information Systems in the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence , 187 (2006), pp. 1–35. iwi.uni-sb.de (PDF; 1.55 MB)
Web links
- Reference model for the architecture of data warehouse systems ( Memento from May 11, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 622 kB) Graphic of an architecture on page 4
- Reference model for the architecture of federated database systems (PDF; 80 kB) Graphic of an architecture on page 192
- Reference model for the architecture of portal software
- Reference model for quality management of education and training (habilitation) (PDF; 455 kB)
A detailed overview of existing reference models can be found in the the Institute of Economics computer science manicured (IWi) in Saarbrücken reference model catalog .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Reference Model for Service Oriented Architecture 1.0. C. Matthew MacKenzie, Adobe Systems Incorporated; Ken Laskey, MITER Corporation; Francis McCabe, Fujitsu Laboratories of America Limited; Peter F Brown; Rebekah Metz, Booz Allen Hamilton; accessed May 20, 2020 .
- ↑ A. Winter, K. Becker, O. Bott et al .: Reference models for supporting the management of hospital information systems . Ed .: Computer science, biometrics and epidemiologies in medicine and biology. tape 30 , volume 4. Urban and Fischer, Würzburg 1999.
- ↑ Peter Adolphs, Ulrich Epple et al .: Reference architecture model Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0). (PDF) Status report. VDI and ZVEI, April 2015, accessed on October 2, 2016 .
- ↑ https://www.iosb.fraunhofer.de/servlet/is/51204/BegriffsdefinUNGEN_VDI_GMA_FA7-21_v4.pdf?command=downloadContent&filename=BegriffsdefinUNGEN_VDI_GMA_FA7-21_v4.pdf
- ↑ Alexander Hars: Reference data models: Basics of efficient data modeling. In: books.google.de. P. 15 , accessed on August 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Transactions and workflows - process standardization and process models. (PDF) In: vsis-informatik.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved August 14, 2015 .
- ↑ Reference architecture model Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0). (PDF) VDI / VDE-GMA, April 2015, accessed on August 11, 2017 .
