Calm of the north

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The calm of the north is a political and historical slogan that emerged in the 18th century. It expresses the striving for lasting pacification in Northern Europe . The concept describes the efforts of the countries bordering the Baltic Sea on the level of European diplomacy to keep the great power politics of the pentarchy away from the Baltic Sea area and to preserve the status quo of power politics .

The concept culminated in the Nordic system from 1763 under the leadership of Nikita Panin . In the declaration of February 27, 1780, the Russian Empire , Sweden and Denmark came together to an armed neutrality at sea. The United Kingdom , which (unofficially) profited from piracy on the world's oceans, resisted this .

The term received a further, albeit only incidental, meaning through the establishment of a North German neutrality zone as a result of the Basel Special Peace of 1795. Prussia became the guarantor of the peace of the north in northern Germany. The use of the term, traditionally aimed at the Scandinavian region, of the “calm of the north” for the ten-year neutralization of northern and central Germany has not caught on.

The central diplomatic concept took effect from 1721 with the end of the Northern Wars in the Baltic Sea region around the Dominium maris baltici and continued as a political concept until the beginning of the First World War .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Klaus Hildebrand, Udo Wengst, Andreas Wirsching: History and Knowledge of Time: From the Enlightenment to the Present. Festschrift for the 65th birthday of Horst Möller. Walter de Gruyter, 2012, p. 72.
  2. ↑ Florian Greßhake: Germany as a problem for Denmark: The material cultural heritage of the border region Sønderjylland - Schleswig since 1864. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013, p. 37.
  3. ↑ Jan Hecker-Stampehl: 1809 and the consequences: Finland between Sweden, Russia and Germany (= series of publications of the Finland Institute in Germany. Volume 12). BWV Verlag, 2011, p. 25.
  4. ↑ Klaus Hildebrand, Udo Wengst, Andreas Wirsching: History and Knowledge of Time: From the Enlightenment to the Present. Festschrift for the 65th birthday of Horst Möller. Walter de Gruyter, 2012, p. 73.
  5. ^ Ilja Mieck : Prussia's exit from the First Coalition (1795). In: Wolfgang Neugebauer, Historical Commission to Berlin (Hrsg.): The 17th and 18th centuries and major topics in the history of Prussia (= manual of Prussian history. Volume 1). Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-014091-0 , p. 663.