Sand volcano
A sand volcano is a cone of sand that is formed as a result of the liquefaction of water-saturated sands in the subsurface and their subsequent discharge along a central channel to the surface of the earth. A cone-shaped hill forms there , the slopes of which have a slope that corresponds to the angle of internal friction . This cone resembles a small volcanic cone with a crater at the top; it can range in size from a few millimeters to several meters.
The formation of a sand volcano is often associated with the liquefaction of water-saturated sands during an earthquake. Sand volcanoes could be observed, for example, during the earthquakes in New Madrid in 1811 and 1812, sometimes merging into linear expulsion of sand.
Sand volcanoes can be easily detected in geological outcrops due to their ascent channel and the resulting sand cone . In recent years, intensive research into such liquefaction structures has been carried out in order to reconstruct the history of previous earthquakes.
The similar looking mud volcanoes are caused by other processes; they are related to the rise of warm or hot water or gases.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Pictures of the New Madrid earthquake 1811-1812 (en.)
- ↑ Coastal North and South Carolina - Areas of Quaternary and historic liquefaction ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (en.)
