Shell collapses

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A shell collapsar is a hypothetical celestial object . It is a collapsed star that resembles a black hole , but is formed without a central punctiform singularity and without an event horizon . The model of the shell collapsar was first proposed by Trevor W. Marshall and allows the formation of neutron stars beyond the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit of 0.7  M ☉ .

A collapsed shell is empty inside and embodies the De-Sitter model there . According to Newton's shell theorem , the acceleration of gravity in the center of every celestial body is zero and increases to its surface (cf. gravitational field in the interior of the earth ( PREM )). Without acceleration due to gravity, the curvature of space-time in the center of every celestial body is also zero. In the case of neutron stars beyond the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit , the time dilation due to gravity is extreme on its surface, so that the neutron star virtually freezes on its outer shell. Another possible explanation is that when Newton's 1 / r² law is left at the location of the strongest space curvature, Newton's shell theorem no longer applies, outward gravitational forces arise and the inner matter is drawn into the shell. According to RL Shuler, the entropy of the observable thermodynamics of real physical gravitational objects is decisive for this spacetime structure.

The shell collapse is a special case of a Gravastern . With the Gravastern, an exotic form of matter with the equation of state of dark energy stabilizes the object inside. The existence of dark energy is still being questioned, even on a cosmic scale. The shell collapsar comes to a similar result with neutron star matter for 2.7  M ☉ (or degenerate matter for M ☉ ) and Einstein's field equations and thus fulfills Ockham's principle of economy .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Trevor Marshall: The Shell Collapsar — ​​A Possible Alternative to Black Holes . In: Entropy . tape 18 , no. 10 , October 12, 2016, ISSN  1099-4300 , p. 363 , doi : 10.3390 / e18100363 ( mdpi.com [accessed September 24, 2019]).
  2. ^ Marshall, Trevor: Neutron stars beyond the TOV limit . May 2018 (English, researchgate.net ).
  3. ↑ Abhas Mitra, KK Singh: THE MASS OF THE OPPENHEIMER-SNYDER-BLACK HOLE: ONLY FINITE MASS QUASI-BLACK HOLES . In: International Journal of Modern Physics D . tape 22 , no. July 09 , 2013, doi : 10.1142 / S0218271813500545 ( researchgate.net [PDF; accessed September 24, 2019]).
  4. ^ A b c Trevor W. Marshall, Max Wallis: Supermassive neutron-star mergers as source of the gravitational wave events . March 2019 ( researchgate.net ): "Unlike gravastars our collapsars do not depend on a novel de Sitter metric in the interior." "But we should also keep in mind that, once we have left behind the inverse square law of Newtonian gravitation, the Shell Theorem no longer applies, and matter in the region R1 <r <R may attract, that is the shell may exert an outward force inside the shell. " "The bigger galactic nuclei, with masses of the order 10 ^ 9 M☉ have no neutron material so are simply supermassive white giants."
  5. ^ Zahid Zakir: General relativity constrains proper times and predicts frozen stars instead of black holes . In: Theoretical Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology . November 2, 2007, p. 1–8 , doi : 10.9751 / TPAC.2497-006 ( arxiv.org [PDF; accessed September 24, 2019]).
  6. ^ Zahid Zakir: On the consistency of the Oppenheimer-Snyder solution for a dust star. Reply to Marshall's criticism . In: Astrophysics and Space Science . tape 363 , no. 2 , January 12, 2018, ISSN  0004-640X , doi : 10.1007 / s10509-018-3246-9 .
  7. ^ Robert Luckett Shuler Jr .: Entropy-Like State Counting Leads to Human Readable Four Color Map Theorem Proof . In: Pure and Applied Mathematics Journal . tape 7 , no. 3 , 2018, ISSN  2326-9790 , p. 37 , doi : 10.11648 / j.pamj.20180703.12 .
  8. ^ Philip Ball: Black holes 'do not exist' . In: nature . March 31, 2005, doi : 10.1038 / news050328-8 : “Chapline argues that a star doesn't simply collapse to form a black hole; instead, the space-time inside it becomes filled with dark energy and this has some intriguing gravitational effects. "
  9. ↑ G. Chapline: Dark Energy Stars . April 13, 2005, arxiv : astro-ph / 0503200 .
  10. ↑ Robert Gast: Is the dark energy a gigantic error? In: Spektrum.de . December 12, 2019 ( Spektrum.de ).
  11. ↑ Jacques Colin, Roya Mohayaee, Mohamed Rameez, and Subir Sarkar: Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration . In: A&A 631, L13 . November 20, 2019, doi : 10.1051 / 0004-6361 / 201936373 .