Swedish cuisine
The so-called Swedish kitchen is a kitchen with standardized built-in furniture to which the kitchen appliances are also tailored. The development of the Swedish built-in kitchen began in the 1930s, the first kitchen standard was adopted in 1950. In 1997 the Swedish kitchen standard was replaced by the European standard .
The kitchen of the 1920s and 1930s in inner-city apartments was designed exclusively by male architects. There were only two female architects in Sweden in 1922. One of the first women to take seriously kitchen planning in Sweden was Sara Reuterskiöld. She sketched a functional, well-thought-out kitchen for the Bygge och Bo (Building and Living) exhibition in Stockholm in 1924. In doing so, she had the Frankfurt kitchen as a model, as worked out by Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky .
At the Stockholm exhibition in 1930 , various kitchens of the future were presented, including the Frankfurt kitchen. The exhibiting architects such as Sven Markelius and Gunnar Asplund assumed that in the future industry would take over a large part of the kitchen work, and therefore designed the kitchens very small. In principle, the kitchen should only be used to warm up prefabricated dishes. The criticism was harsh, especially from the housewives. However, the debate led to the start of systematic studies of kitchen work and kitchen design.
Hyresgästernas sparkasse- och byggnadsförening (HSB), a cooperative housing association, was the first to have built-in furniture for kitchens industrially manufactured as early as the 1920s, and from 1938 onwards, the furniture was even delivered to the construction site fully painted. Different model kitchens were developed during the 1930s, but there was still no uniform standard.
Initially, the fitted kitchens were largely assembled "on site" by carpenters. With the emergence of longer series in residential construction, it became interesting and economical to standardize components such as stairs, bathrooms and kitchens and to manufacture them industrially. This is how the modern Swedish fitted kitchen was developed in the mid-1940s. The reason was an investigation by the Hemmets Forskningsinstitus (The research institute of the home) and the initiative came from Svenska Slöjdföreningen and Svenska arkitekters Riksförbund ( National Association of Swedish Architects).
In order to be able to develop an optimally functioning kitchen, this study measured, for example, how long various work moments lasted in the kitchen, how far the housewife had to walk and how often she had to bend down or stretch. It was also examined how high the work surface should be and how the stove and sink should be arranged in relation to the work surface.
The result was some model kitchens that were exhibited by Byggtjänst (construction service) along with building instructions and advice. Each kitchen was also equipped with a dining area or a small dining room that could be used as a place to sleep. In 1948 the first measurement standard for Swedish kitchen furniture and two years later the first kitchen standard were submitted to the Swedish Standardization Commission SIS (now the Swedish Institute for Standards ). The standardization in residential construction with industrially manufactured components also aroused criticism, however, as a danger to the "good craft" was seen.
In 1962 the first standard was adapted and modernized and during the 1960s the dimensions of the kitchen furniture were readjusted and adopted by the SIS in 1970 . This meant that kitchen components could now be produced industrially in large series and that the products of different manufacturers fit together - an important prerequisite for being able to meet the high requirements of the million dollar program of the 1960s and 1970s.
The basic module of the furniture builds on a base area of 60 cm × 60 cm or 30 cm × 30 cm. The height of the worktop was set at 90 cm, the depth of the base units at 60 cm and that of the wall cupboards at 30 cm. The basic module 60 cm × 60 cm × 90 cm (length × width × height) also fit the kitchen appliances such as the stove, dishwasher and refrigerator.
In Sweden, a modern apartment is usually always equipped with a full kitchen. How to equip the kitchen was described in a series of instructions, the God bostad (Good Home ) collection of standards . God bostad was published by the Bostadsstyrelsen administrative authority between 1964 and 1976 and then incorporated into the Swedish building regulations.
In the Swedish building regulations of 1980, examples were used to specify which equipment and furnishings standard of a kitchen (always depending on the size of the apartment) was approved for new buildings or renovations. The regulations applied to private and municipal housing. Anyone who did not adhere to it did not receive a building permit and no advantageous state building finance.
literature
- Lena Dranger Isfalt, Christina Engdahl: Bostadsbebyggelsen från 1930- och 40-talen. Varsam ombyggnad . Statens råd för byggnadsforskning, Stockholm 1989, ISBN 91-540-4823-0 .
- Lena Dranger Isfalt: Practical och vackert i lägenheten. Tankeställare för bostadsbyggare och förvaltare . Statens råd för byggnadsforskning i samarbete med Sveriges allmännyttiga bostadsföretag (SABO), Stockholm 1987, ISBN 91-540-4705-6 .
- Uuve Snidare: Kök i Sverige . Photo: Nisse Peterson. Prisma Bokförlag, Stockholm 2004, ISBN 91-518-4109-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Snidare: Kök i Sverige . 2004, p. 45 .
- ↑ a b Isfalt, Engdahl: Bostadsbebyggelsen från 1930- Och 40-talen . 1988, p. 58 .
- ↑ a b Isfalt, Engdahl: Bostadsbebyggelsen från 1930- och 40-Talen . 1988, p. 26 .
- ↑ Isfalt: Praktiskt och vackert i lägenheten . 1987, p. 36 .
- ↑ Hey Bostad: Hey Bostad. Om bostadsbyggande i Storstockholm 1961–1975 . Länsstyrelsen i Stockholms Län, Stockholm 2004, ISBN 91-7281-148-X ( here online [PDF]). here online ( memento of the original dated December 31, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ SBN 1980, Svensk Byggnorm, chapter 71
