Schwirrammer

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Schwirrammer
Spizella-passerina-015.jpg

Schwirrammer ( Spizella passerina )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers (Passerellidae)
Genre : Spizella
Type : Schwirrammer
Scientific name
Spizella passerina
( Bechstein , 1798)
A whirlwind
Sound recording
Four calls, with various background noises in between.

The Schwirrammer ( Spizella passerina ) is a small passerine bird from the New World Chamber family . The Schwirrammer is common in almost all of North America .

features

Adult birds have a rust-colored crest, dark beak, and gray lower body. They have a brown back with dark stripes, brown wings with white stripes and a narrow tail. Her face is gray with a horizontal black line that goes over the eye.

habitat

The original habitat of the buzzers was probably coniferous forests, but by adapting to the changes with increasing human settlement, new habitats were opened up. It now lives in forests, farmland, parks, and urban suburbs in North America. The Schwirrammer moves to Mexico and the southern states of the USA in winter .

Way of life

The buzzers look for food on the ground or in low bushes. Sometimes they catch insects in flight . The main source of food is insects and seeds. Outside the breeding season, the swarms live in swarms. Her singing is a simple trill. The Schwirrammer usually builds their nests in coniferous or deciduous trees and occasionally on the ground.

Subspecies

There are five known subspecies:

  • Spizella passerina passerina ( Bechstein , 1798) - The nominate form occurs in the southeast of Canada to the central and eastern area of ​​the USA.
  • Spizella passerina arizonae Coues , 1872 - The subspecies occurs from Alaska to northwestern Mexico .
  • Spizella passerina atremaea RT Moore , 1937 - This subspecies is common in western Mexico.
  • Spizella passerina mexicana Nelson , 1899 - This subspecies is distributed from central to southern Mexico and northwestern Guatemala .
  • Spizella passerina pinetorum Salvin , 1863 - This subspecies occurs in northeastern Guatemala via Belize to northeastern Nicaragua .

Etymology and history of research

Johann Matthäus Bechstein described the Schwirrammer under the name Fringilla passerina . He gave Québec as the location of the type specimen . It was Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte who first introduced the new genus Spizella for the rattle hammer ( Spizella pusilla ) ( A. Wilson , 1810). Only later was the Schwirrammer assigned to this genus. This name is the diminutive of the Greek "spiza σπιζα " for "finch" and is derived from "spizō σπιζω " for "chirp". The specific epithet »passerina« comes from the Latin »passerinus« for » sparrow- like«. "Arizonae" refers to Arizona , since Coues saw at least the range of this subspecies there. "Mexicana" refers to the country of Mexico. Nelson therefore called the subspecies Mexican Chipping Sparrow . »Pinetorum« is the Latin word for »on the pines«, which is derived from »pinus« for »pine«. »Atremaea« is derived from the Greek »atremaios ατρεμαιος « for »quiet, calm«.

literature

Books

  • AL Middleton, Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina). In: The Birds of North America. 334/1998, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Johann Matthäus Bechstein: Johann Latham's general overview of the birds . tape 3 . Schneider and Weigel, Nuremberg 1798.
  • Elliott Coues: Key to North American birds; containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary. Illustrated by 6 steel plates, and upwards of 250 woodcuts . Dodd and Mead, New York 1872 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed February 11, 2015]).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .

Articles in journals

  • DJ Albrecht, LW Oring: Song in chipping sparrows, Spizella passerina: Structure and function. In: Animal Behavior. vol 50, 1995, pp. 1233-1241.
  • SH Anderson, RIJ Van Hook: Uptake and Biological Turnover of Cadmium-109 in Chipping Sparrow's Spizella-Passerina. In: Environmental Physiology & Biochemistry. vol 3, no 5, 1973, pp. 243-247.
  • FW Braestrup: Evolution of Vertebrates Parus-Ater Parus-Cristatus Parus-Montanus Nemeritis-Canescens Phylloscopus-Sibilatrix Delichon-Urbica Spizella-Passerina Peromyscus-Maniculatus Turdus-Merula Turdus-Viscivorus Acrocephalus-Palustris. In: Zoologischer Anzeiger. vol 181, no 1/2, 1968, pp. 1-22.
  • PO Catherine, CO Joseph: Effects of Brown-headed Cowbirds on the nesting success of Chipping Sparrows in southwest Colorado. In: The Condor. vol 103, no 1, 2001, p. 127.
  • WR Dawson, C. Carey, CS Adkisson, RD Ohmart: Responses of Brewers Sparrows Spizella-Breweri and Chipping Sparrows Spizella-Passerina to Water Restriction. In: Physiological Zoology. vol 52, no 4, 1979, pp. 529-541.
  • CG Earley: Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus-ater, Seen Removing a Chipping Sparrow, Spizella-passerina, Egg. In: Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol 105, no 2, 1991, pp. 281-282.
  • ER Fillmore, RD Titman: Chipping Sparrow Hanged. In: Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol 91, no 1, 1977, pp. 69-69.
  • J. Foster, R. Tozer: Chipping sparrow feeds young of Eastern Kingbird. In: Ontario Birds. vol 19, no 2, 2001, pp. 79-83.
  • Liu WC, Kroodsma DE .: Song development by chipping sparrows and field sparrows. In: Animal Behavior. vol 57, 1999, p. 1275.
  • Liu WC, Kroodsma DE .: Dawn and daytime singing behavior of chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina). In: Auk. vol 124, no 1, 2007, pp. 44-52.
  • ALA Middleton, DRC Prescott: Polygyny, Extra-pair Copulations, and Nest Helpers in the Chipping Sparrow, Spizella-passerina. In: Canadian Field-Naturalist. vol 103, no 1, 1989, pp. 61-64.
  • RR Moldenha, PG Taylor: Energy-intake by Hydropenic Chipping Sparrows (Spizella-passerina-passerina) Maintained on Different Diets. In: Condor. vol 75, no 4, 1973, pp. 439-445.
  • HR Pulliam: Do Chipping Sparrows Spizella-Passerina-Arizonae Forage Optimally. In: Ardea. vol 68, no 1-4, 1980, pp. 75-82.
  • JD Reynolds, RW Knapton: Nest-Site Selection and Breeding Biology of the Chipping Sparrow Spizella-Passerina. In: Wilson Bulletin. vol 96, no 3, 1984, pp. 488-493.
  • DM Scott: House Sparrow and Chipping Sparrow Feed the Same Fledgling Brown-headed Cowbird. In: Wilson Bulletin. vol 100, no 2, 1988, pp. 323-324.
  • GA Simmons, NF Sloan: Consumption of Jack-Pine Budworm Choristoneura-Pinus by the Eastern Chipping Sparrow Spizella-Passerina. In: Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 52, no 7, 1974, pp. 817-821.
  • NF Sloan, GA Simmons: Foraging Behavior of the Chipping Sparrow in Response to High Populations of Jack Pine Budworm. In: American Midland Naturalist. vol 90, no 1, 1973, pp. 210-215.
  • PA Stewart: Bird Migration through an Abandoned Farmstead Richmondena-Cardinalis Behavior Dendroica-Palmarum Guiraca-Caerulea Spizella-Passerina. In: Chat. vol 32, no 4, 1968.
  • HM Swanson, B. Kinney, A. Cruz: Breeding biology of the Chipping Sparrow in ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Front Range. In: Wilson Bulletin. vol 116, no 3, 2004, pp. 246-251.
  • L. Wan-Chun: The effect of neighbors and females on dawn and daytime singing behaviors by male chipping sparrows. In: Animal Behavior. vol 68, 2004, p. 39.
  • L. Wan-Chun, EK Donald: Song Learning by Chipping Sparrows: When, Where, and from Whom. In: The Condor. vol 108, no 3, 2006, p. 509.
  • RM Zink, DL Dittmann: Population structure and gene flow in the chipping sparrow and a hypothesis for evolution in the genus Spizella. In: The Wilson Bulletin. vol 105, no 3, 1993, pp. 399-413.
  • Robert Thomas Moore: New races of Myadestes, Spizella and Turdus from northwestern Mexico . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 50 , 1937, pp. 201–205 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed February 11, 2015]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Descriptions of New Birds From Mexico . In: The Auk . tape 16 , no. 1 , 1899, p. 25–31 (English, unm.edu [PDF; 266 kB ; accessed on February 11, 2015]).
  • Osbert Salvin: Description of thirteen new species of birds discovered in Central America by Frederick Godman and Osbbert Salvin . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1863 . No. 2 , 1863, p. 186–192, plates 23, 24 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed February 11, 2015]).
  • Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: Saggio d'una distribuzione metodica degli Animali Vertebrati a sangue freddo . In: Giornale Arcadico di Scienze Lettere ed Arti . tape 52 , 1832, p. 129–209 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed February 19, 2015]).

Web links

Commons : Schwirrammer  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

all in English:

Individual evidence

  1. ^ IOC World Bird List Bananaquit, buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers
  2. ↑ a b Johann Matthäus Bechstein, p. 544, plate 120, figure 1.
  3. ↑ a b Elliott Coues, p. 143.
  4. ^ Robert Thomas Moore, p. 203.
  5. ^ A b Edward William Nelson, p. 30.
  6. ↑ Osbert Salvin, p. 189.
  7. ^ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte, p. 205.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 363.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 294.
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 307.
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 59.