Scopulini
| Scopulini | ||||||||||||
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Reddish- yellow small spanner ( Scopula imitaria ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Scopulini | ||||||||||||
| Duponchel , 1845 |
Scopulini is a species-rich tribe from the subfamily Sterrhinae , which belongs to the night butterfly family of the Spanner (Geometridae). Currently the tribe includes over 900 species in seven genera.
features
The Scopulini usually include small to medium-sized moths, the wing spans between 11 and 70 mm, on average 25 to 40 mm. The forewings are rounded triangular with an extended or rounded apex. The outer edge of the hind wings is often slightly concave between the veins or slightly drawn out around the vein M3. Drawing and basic color are often very variable within the species. Usually several transverse lines are formed, which, however, often also extinguish internally or can be formed very clearly. Discal spots are common. A hem line can be present or absent. The fringes are kept in the basic color or alternately light / dark. The forewings have one or two areoles in the vein. The proboscis is fully developed.
Way of life
The moths are predominantly nocturnal or crepuscular. The pre-imaginal stages are known only in relatively few species, mostly only in the Palearctic species. The caterpillars are usually slender. They mostly feed polyphagous , but monophagous species are also known. Often there is a rest position in which the caterpillar remains at an angle of 45 ° to the surface. The species occur in open and wooded habitats.
Systematics
Scopulini as the name of the family group is basically an older synonym of the subfamily Sterrhinae Mayrick, 1892 and due to the priority it is actually the correct name of this family group. But since the name was hardly used as a subfamily name in the literature and Sterrhinae has found general recognition as a subfamily name, this name is retained. Even within the Sterrhinae, priority is not strictly observed.
The tribe Scopulini is currently divided into seven genera, of which only the genera Scopula and Problepsis also contain species that occur in Europe.
- Scopulini Duponchel, 1845
- Dithalama Meyrick, 1888 (4 species in Australia and Tasmania)
- Isoplenodia Prout, 1932 (1 species in Madagascar)
- Lipomelia Warren, 1893 (1 species, India to Taiwan)
- Somatina Guenée, 1858 (44 species in Africa, East Asia and Australia)
- Zythos Fletcher, 1979 (11 species from India to Papua New Guinea)
- Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (51 species, Palearctic, Africa, Southeast Asia to Australia)
- Scopula cabinet, 1802 (including Glossotrophia Prout, 1913 and Holarctias Prout, 1913) (with over 800 species, 43 species in Europe)
Phylogeny
The phylogeny within the Scopulini was worked out in 2005 by Pasi Sihvonen in a very detailed cladistic analysis of numerous morphological features.
| Sterrhinae |
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supporting documents
literature
- Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid moths of Europe, 2nd Sterrhinae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 8-788-75737-4
- David Abraham, Nils Ryrholm, Håkan Wittzell, Jeremy D. Holloway, Malcolm J. Scoble, Christer Lofstedt: Molecular phylogeny of the subfamilies in Geometridae (Geometroidea: Lepidoptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20 (1): 65-77, San Diego 2001 doi : 10.1006 / mpev.2001.0949
- Pasi Sihvonen: Phylogeny and classification of the Scopulini moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143: 473-530 London 2005 doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2005.00153.x .
Web links
- Lepiforum e. V. Photo overview Sterrhinae
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)
- Markku Savela: Lepidoptera and some other life forms (English)
- Ian Kimber: Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland (English)
- Scopulini at Fauna Europaea