Siphonodictyon
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| Bergquist , 1965 |
Siphonodictyon , syn. Aka Laubenfels, 1936, is a genus of sponges. It belongs to the drill sponges .
features
Siphonodictyon is a drilling sponge that bores into calcareous substrates. The most important substrates are mussel shells, including the shells of oysters of the genus Ostrea and hoofed clams of the genus Chama . You can see a borehole about 1.5 millimeters in diameter and a short tube protruding outwards (called a fistula). Inside the substrate there can be one or more chambers drilled into the lime, in which the multi-layered sponge body sits, surrounded by a more or less extensive covering of mucus (mucus). The drilling scars in the chambers have a pattern of narrow, concentric rings. As is typical for the family, the genus has only one type of skeletal needles (called spiculae in sponges), the smaller microsclera are completely absent. These are of the subtype of what is known as an oxea: individual sclerites tapering to a point at both ends. The Oxeae of Siphonodictyon are narrow, smooth, and slender, sometimes slightly curved, about 100 to 200 micrometers long with a diameter of 4 to 11 micrometers. They form bundles but are not fused with one another. The spicules sit in twisted bands within the tube wall. In addition, the outer opening of the tube is covered by a grid or a sieve-like plate from other Oxeae. The color of the sponges is uncharacteristic: whitish, yellowish to light brown. The shape of the spicules differs only slightly between the different species of the genus and is also variable within the species.
Some species of the genus do not drill into mussel shells, but, like many other drilling sponges, into coral limestone, where they can be of importance in the degradation ( bioerosion ) of coral reefs. Some species are known to attack living corals as well. The chambers drilled in coral limestone can reach a diameter of 10 centimeters.
distribution
Species of the genus Siphonodictyon are widespread in the world's oceans. Evidence is available, among other things, from the British and Irish coasts, the island of Madeira and from the western Pacific to the African coast. In the Mediterranean there is one species ( Siphonodictyon labyrinthicum ), and there is also one on the East Pacific coast of Central America ( Siphonodictyon crypticum ). There are two species in the Caribbean. The species of the genus prefer shallow, relatively warm waters.
Phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics
The taxonomy of the genus is confused. It was originally described as Acca by the British naturalist James Yate Johnson . Max Walker de Laubenfels noticed in 1936 that this name was preoccupied by Acca Huebner, a genus of butterflies, in 1819 and coined the replacement name Aka , under which the genus is listed in numerous publications, lists and faunal works to this day. Christine Schönberg then established in 2012 that the name Aka was also preoccupied (by Aka White, 1879, a genus of the pointed-head cicadas). She then replaced the name with Siphonodictyon . This genus, described by Patricia Rose Bergquist , was until then a younger synonym of Aka .
The genus was originally, like all drill sponges at that time, included in a broad family Clionaidae. Rützler & Stone transferred it in 1986, after closer examination, to the Phloeodictyidae family, based on the genus Siphonodictyon ; they also found that this name is synonymous with de Laubenfels genus Aka .
The genus includes the following 22 species (as of 2019):
- Siphonodictyon brevitubulatum Pang, 1973
- Siphonodictyon cachacrouense Rützler, 1971
- Siphonodictyon coralliirubri (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007)
- Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971
- Siphonodictyon crypticum (Carballo, Hepburn, Nava, Cruz-Barraza & Bautista-Guerrero, 2007)
- Siphonodictyon densum (Schmidt, 1870)
- Siphonodictyon diagonoxeum (Thomas, 1968)
- Siphonodictyon infestum (Johnson, 1889)
- Siphonodictyon insidiosum (Johnson, 1889) (type species of the genus Aka )
- Siphonodictyon labyrinthicum (Hancock, 1849)
- Siphonodictyon maldiviense (Calcinai, Cerrano, Sarà & Bavestrello, 2000)
- Siphonodictyon microterebrans (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007)
- Siphonodictyon minutum (Thomas, 1972)
- Siphonodictyon mucosum Bergquist, 1965. Type species of the genus.
- Siphonodictyon nodosum (Hancock, 1849)
- Siphonodictyon occultum Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
- Siphonodictyon paratypicum (Fromont, 1993)
- Siphonodictyon ruetzleri (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007)
- Siphonodictyon siphonum (de Laubenfels, 1949)
- Siphonodictyon terebrans (Schmidt, 1870)
- Siphonodictyon viridescens (Schmidt, 1880)
- Siphonodictyon xamaycaense Pulitzer-Finali, 1986
Individual evidence
- ^ A b R. Desqueyroux-Faúndez & C. Valentine: Family Phloeodictyidae Carter, 1882. In: John NA Hooper & Rob WM van Soest (editors): Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Volume I. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York etc., 2002. ISBN 0-306-47260-0 . Pages 894–895 (as Aka De Laubenfels, 1936)
- ↑ a b Christine Hanna Lydia Schönberg & Lydia Beuck (2007): Where Topsent went wrong: Aka infesta aka Aka labyrinthica (Demospongiae: Phloeodictyidae) and implications for other Aka spp. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1459-1476. doi: 10.1017 / S0025315407058249
- ↑ a b Cristian Pacheco, José Luis Carballo, Jorge Cortés, Johanna Segovia, Alejandra Trejo (2018): Excavating sponges from the Pacific of Central America, descriptions and a faunistic record. Zootaxa 4370 (5): 451-491. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.4370.5.1
- ↑ José Luis Carballo, Leanne Hepburn, Héctor H. Nava, José Antonio Cruz-Barraza, Eric Bautista-Guerrero (2007): Coral boring Aka-species (Porifera: Phloeodictyidae) from Mexico with description of Aka cryptica sp. Nov. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1477-1484. doi: 10.1017 / S0025315407055373
- ^ Klaus Rützler: The Role of Sponges in the Mesoamerican Barrier-Reef Ecosystem, Belize. Chapter 3 in: Advances in Mikel A. Becerro, Maria J. Uriz, Manuel Maldonaldo, Xavier Turon (editors): Sponge Science: Phylogeny, Systematics, Ecology. Advances in Marine Biology 61. Academic Press (Elsevier), Amsterdam etc. 2012. ISBN 978-0-12-387787-1
- ↑ Dolors Rosell & María-J. Uriz (2002): Excavating and endolithic sponge species (Porifera) from the Mediterranean: species descriptions and identification key. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 55-86. doi: 10.1078 / 1439-6092-00033
- ↑ José Luis Carballo, Leanne Hepburn, Héctor H. Nava, José Antonio Cruz-Barraza, Eric Bautista-Guerrero (2007): Coral boring Aka-species (Porifera: Phloeodictyidae) from Mexico with description of Aka cryptica sp. Nov. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87: 1477-1484. doi: 10.1017 / S0025315407055373
- ↑ Christine HL Schönberg, James KH Fang, Marina Carreiro-Silva, Aline Tribollet, Max Wisshak (2017): Bioerosion: the other ocean acidification problem. ICES Journal of Marine Science 74 (4): 895-925. doi: 10.1093 / icesjms / fsw254
- ↑ Siphonodictyon Bergquist, 1965 in World Porifera Database (Van Soest, RWM; Boury-Esnault, N .; Hooper, JNA; Rützler, K .; de Voogd, NJ; Alvarez, B .; Hajdu, E .; Pisera, AB; Manconi, R .; Schönberg, C .; Klautau, M .; Picton, B .; Kelly, M .; Vacelet, J .; Dohrmann, M .; Díaz, M.-C .; Cárdenas, P .; Carballo, JL; Ríos, P .; Downey, R. (2018). World Porifera database. Siphonodictyon Bergquist, 1965.) Retrieved July 8, 2019.