Late medieval synagogue in Munich

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The no longer existing Munich synagogue of the late Middle Ages was built in 1381 as a conversion of a house acquired by the Jewish community in the northern area of ​​the first city ​​wall of Munich between Gruftgasse and Schrammergasse (formerly Gruftstrasse 1; today open space of the Marienhof ). The prayer room was probably connected to a mikveh , the later lower crypt chapel.

Facility

In 1380 the Jewish community in Munich bought a house south of the first, now abandoned city wall (later: Gruftgasse / Gruftstraße 1) for communal use (“den jews in common”). It had previously belonged to the Jew Sanbel the boy as a pledge from the Duke, since the inner defensive passageway behind the city wall was originally owned by the sovereign. The house was rebuilt in 1381 for use as a synagogue. For the construction of the synagogue and a hospital to be set up at the same time, the Jewish families raised contributions over 5% of their wealth over a period of three years. The street running south was perhaps only now called Judengasse, which later changed into Gruftgasse. From the later history it can be concluded that in the backward, i.e. H. A ritual bath was also laid out in the northern part of the property, which may have benefited from the water flow in the city moat flowing past it to the north.

Later story

After the expulsion of the Jews from Munich in 1442, the synagogue building was based on a document dated September 14, 1442 by Duke Albrecht III. and his wife Anna von Braunschweig as a present to their counselor, personal physician and presumably also son-in-law Doctor Johannes Hartlieb . He received "the house here in Munich on Judengassen [= later crypt alley], in which, before times, the Jewish school was located, with all its belonging ...".

Doctor Johannes Hartlieb set up a Lady Chapel in the deep mikveh in the rear area of ​​the property. The underground room - called "Kruft" - was later closed with a vault (lower crypt chapel). Soon afterwards he set up another chapel in the actual former synagogue (upper crypt chapel). The ensemble was looked after by the Andechs monastery from the late 15th century until the secularization of 1803 .

literature

  • Simon Paulus: The Architecture of the Synagogue in the Middle Ages Tradition and existence . Petersberg 2007, here pp. 158–161.
  • Mitchell B. Merback: Cleansing the Temple. The Munich Gruftkirche as Converted Synagogue . In the S. (Ed.): In Merback, Beyond the Yellow Badge. Anti-Judaism and Antisemitism in Medieval and Early Modern Visual Culture. Leiden, Boston 2008, pp. 306-346. Online offer at academia.edu
  • Helmuth Stahleder: The Munich Jews in the Middle Ages and their places of worship , In: Selig, Wolfram (ed.): Synagogues and Jewish cemeteries in Munich. Munich 1988, pp. 11-34.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ On the older ownership history at this point: Helmuth Stahleder: Urban planning and urban development of Munich in the Middle Ages. In: Oberbayerisches Archiv 119 (1995), pp. 237–283, here pp. 266–268.

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