Stand

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standing woman
a child learns to stand

Standing is an upright posture in which the weight is only supported by the feet. Human children learn to stand between 8 and 12 months.

balance

The focus of man is high, far in front on a small footprint without compensation Balance man would tip forward. Standing is not a static, but a dynamic balance. Disturbances in equilibrium, be it through breathing or external influences, have to be constantly balanced. The body sways slightly back and forth around a middle position. The swaying while standing still can be compared to an inverted pendulum.

The muscles keep the balance . The nervous system continuously and unconsciously controls these fluctuations and gives an impulse in the opposite direction before it comes to tilting. When standing, the person sways back and forth not only in the ankles. In the hips, too, straightening and curling the lower back affects balance. Little muscle work is required for this. Electromyography showed poor activity in the calves, hips, and lower back. The abdominal and back muscles also stabilize the stance.

Standing with good posture can have positive health effects. However, standing for long periods can have negative effects.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gage WH, Winter DA, Frank JS, Adkin AL: Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing . In: Gait & Posture . 19, No. 2, April 2004, pp. 124-32. doi : 10.1016 / S0966-6362 (03) 00037-7 . PMID 15013500 .
  2. ↑ Loram ID, Maganaris CN, Lakie M: Paradoxical muscle movement in human standing . In: J. Physiol. . 556, No. Pt 3, May 2004, pp. 683-9. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol.2004.062398 . PMID 15047776 . PMC 1664994 (free full text).
  3. ↑ Loram ID, Maganaris CN, Lakie M: Human postural sway results from frequent, ballistic bias impulses by soleus and gastrocnemius . In: J. Physiol. . 564, No. Pt 1, April 2005, pp. 295-311. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol.2004.076307 . PMID 15661824 . PMC 1456055 (free full text).
  4. ↑ Hodges PW, Gurfinkel VS, Brumagne S, Smith TC, Cordo PC: Coexistence of stability and mobility in postural control: evidence from postural compensation for respiration . In: Exp Brain Res . 144, No. 3, June 2002, pp. 293-302. doi : 10.1007 / s00221-002-1040-x . PMID 12021811 .
  5. ↑ Loram ID, Lakie M: Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability . In: J. Physiol. . 545, No. Pt 3, December 2002, pp. 1041-53. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol.2002.025049 . PMID 12482906 . PMC 2290720 (free full text).
  6. ^ Standing, Line of Gravity at Joints, Postural Sway and Correction of Perturbations
  7. ↑ Lee SW, Chan CK, Lam TS, etal: Relationship between low back pain and lumbar multifidus size at different postures . In: Spine . 31, No. 19, September 2006, pp. 2258-62. doi : 10.1097 / 01.brs.0000232807.76033.33 . PMID 16946664 .
  8. ↑ Hides JA, Stokes MJ, Saide M, Jull GA, Cooper DH: Evidence of lumbar multifidus muscle wasting ipsilateral to symptoms in patients with acute / subacute low back pain . In: Spine . 19, No. 2, January 1994, pp. 165-72. doi : 10.1097 / 00007632-199401001-00009 . PMID 8153825 .
  9. ↑ Standing is good for your mind as well as your body . In: The Economist , October 5, 2017. 
  10. ↑ Masoud M, Sarig G, B Brenner, Jacob G: Orthostatic hypercoagulability: a novel physiological mechanism to activate the coagulation system . In: Hypertension . 51, No. 6, June 2008, pp. 1545-51. doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112003 . PMID 18413485 .