Strategy of tension
The term strategy of tension ( English : strategy of tension , Italian : strategia della tensione ) describes a complex of covert measures to destabilize the social fabric or to make parts of the population, a region or a state insecure, carried out or promoted by state organs. Originally the term was related to events in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s. The subject is controversially discussed in the literature and discussed in connection with conspiracy theories on terrorist attacks .
term
The term strategy of tension was first used in 1969 in an article in the Observer that presented covert operations by the Italian state. The expression " strategy of tension " gained prominence in 1990 in connection with the judicial investigation of terrorist crimes in Italy between 1969 and 1984.
The term is also used for acts of terrorists to heighten tensions within the population or to destabilize state power.
South Africa
Forces associated with South African (white) security services carried out terrorist attacks and murders of civilians in the 1980s and 1990s, which the black resistance movement African National Congress (ANC) was accused of in order to damage its reputation and thus undermine its influence. The ANC denied that it was responsible for the attacks. He argued that a third force for the actions ( Third Force ) was responsible, which after the end of apartheid has been confirmed. Since at the time of the attacks it was unimaginable that white forces close to the government could participate in the terrorist attacks, the reputation of the ANC suffered under the white population, as intended by the authors. The white minority government hoped to gain authority and support from the white population. In addition, through arms deliveries, among other things, violent conflicts among black population groups were fueled, claiming several thousand victims.
Individual evidence
- ↑ strategia della tensione in "Dizionario di Storia". In: www.treccani.it. Retrieved January 15, 2017 .
- ↑ Clara Cardella, Giuseppe Intilla, Marilena Macaluso, Giuseppina Tumminelli: Criminal Network. Politica, amministrazione, ambiente e mercato nelle trame della mafia: Politica, amministrazione, ambiente e mercato nelle trame della mafia . FrancoAngeli, 2011, ISBN 978-88-568-6483-0 , pp. 15 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2017]).
- ^ Anna Cento Bull: Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation . Berghahn Books, 2012, ISBN 978-0-85745-450-8 , pp. 76 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2017]).
- ^ David J. Whittaker: The Terrorism Reader . Routledge, 2012, ISBN 978-0-415-68731-7 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2017]).
- ↑ Randall D. Law: The Routledge History of Terrorism . Routledge, 2015, ISBN 978-1-317-51486-2 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2017]).
- ^ Peter Knight: Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2017]).
- ^ Anna Cento Bull: Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation . Berghahn Books, 2012, ISBN 978-0-85745-450-8 ( google.de [accessed on January 16, 2017]).
- ↑ Sebastian Scheerer: The future of terrorism: three scenarios . To cleats !, January 1, 2002, p. 35, 139 ( google.de [accessed January 15, 2017]).
- ^ Jan Oskar Engene: Terrorism in Western Europe: Explaining the Trends Since 1950 . Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-78100-858-4 , pp. 157 ( google.de [accessed on January 15, 2017]).
- ↑ Truth and Reconciliation Commission : APPENDIX: THE 'THIRD FORCE'. (PDF; 70 kB) Archived from the original on February 6, 2012 ; accessed on July 27, 2008 (the most important points are summarized in paragraphs 3 to 5 and 12 to 15).
- ↑ Philip Jenkins: Images of Terror: What We Can and Can't Know About Terrorism . Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-0-202-36674-6 ( google.de [accessed January 17, 2017]).