Dining room
The dining room was an oven-heated, representative dining room in a central European palace. From around 1500 it served the princely table separately from the general court table, which until well into the 16th century gathered all other court members twice a day in the court room .
In the contemporary written sources, there are additional terms such as "dining room", "dining room", "hall room", "knight room" or just "Dornse" (room).
The functional room type of the dining room as a separate dining room can only be grasped in German palace construction with the emergence of new types of sources in the last decades of the 15th century. At that time one of which was only for the Princess and her female entourage Hofstube separated dining room common. In accordance with the general tendency towards spatial and functional distancing of the women's room, these rooms were on the second or even third floor of the palace.
The oldest currently known women's dining room has probably been preserved in the Electoral Saxon Albrechtsburg above Meißen (1471). Examples of women's dining rooms in the Wittelsbacher Residenzschloss in Neuburg an der Donau (1534), in the nearby Wittelsbacher Jagdschloss Grünau (1530) and in the Mecklenburg Residenzschloss in Güstrow (1558) have been preserved from the 16th century .
A separate dining room for the prince was not set up in Central European courts until around 1500 and at that time meant a significant change in court life. More and more often, a prince ate his meals with a select group of people in a room that was usually located on the first floor of a castle.
When and where exactly this process began in Central Europe is still unclear in detail. There is evidence that Emperor Maximilian had such separate dining rooms. Presumably, models of the demonstratively lavish court life in the Duchy of Burgundy were taken up here, where the room type of the "salette" can be traced back to the middle of the 15th century (e.g. Bruges 1448). An imperial model would make sense insofar as the first structurally well-preserved example of a princely dining room comes from the royal sphere. In Prague, King Wladislaw of Hungary and Bohemia had the somewhat older hall building of Prague Castle from the 1490s supplemented by a residential wing projecting far into the valley, the so-called wing for King Ludwig (Czech: Ludvíkovo křídlo, German: Ludwigsflügel). Two stately stairs led one level higher than the hall into a large, oven-heated room that rises above the old town and the Lesser Town with three window fronts .
One of the oldest such separate dining rooms of a German prince was then set up around 1520 for Elector Ludwig V with great structural effort in the Heidelberg residential palace , probably based on the model from Prague. On the first floor of the so-called library building (a more recent, misleading name), which was then projected as a tower-like projection in front of the outer building line of the castle, it had views on three sides that stretched far over the city and territory, which were, however, blocked a little later by the artillery fortifications on this side . The multi-sided view was now taken up by other courtyards for their newly built gentlemen's dining rooms and constituted a status feature of a princely dining room in German palace buildings up to the end of the 16th century.
As a direct successor to the Heidelberger Tafelstube, the Herrentafelstuben in the Wittelsbacher Residenzschloss Neuburg ad D. (1534), in the associated hunting lodge Grünau (1530), in the Electoral Saxon residence Torgau (1533, only rudimentarily preserved) and in the Munich Residence Neuveste (around 1540, completely disappeared today). The dining room in the Duke's Palace in Stuttgart, which was laid out in 1553, also had windows on three sides.
In addition to the constitutively existing heating by means of a rear loading furnace, which the room type shares with the courtyard room, these rooms were often architecturally designed to be particularly complex. In Heidelberg, Grünau and Torgau (here the younger bottle room from 1544, not preserved) it was an elaborate rib vault that distinguished such upper floor rooms from their neighbors on the same floor level. In other places (Torgau, Bernburg 1538) it was the connection with a bay window that not only adorned the room on the facade, but also repeated the prestigious figure of the fan view on a small scale.
By Hofordnungen the mid-16th century use and certain behaviors in these spaces can be reconstructed in details since about.
For the Torgau Castle it was stipulated in 1553 “Dinstwartung des Hovegesindes: The Furstenn, Graven, Hern and von Adell in the court camp should also appear daily between eight and nine and in the evenings between three and four o'clock in front of our dining room [= Herrentafelstube] and do even until we have sat at table and taken water, waiting for us to dine. They should also do the same for the morning and evening, or when we meet strangers, have rethees, embassies or other static people with us, or are in audiences or other great acts. Nor should our campers and noblemen whom we dine at dinner until we have sat down in front of us. And if your own, if you dine modestly at our table or otherwise to others, you should wait diligently for the same of your service every day at the right time, so that one does not look for a peace, as has often happened so far, or wait for them. [...] There should also be water for us, especially when strange gentlemen or gestures are present, through which Gravenn and Hernn are passed. But in the event that they are not for the hand for significant reasons, those of the nobility should be enough. "
In this section of text, the ceremonial character of the meal and the importance of high-level service on important occasions are particularly expressed. Correspondingly, the special, lordly status of the dining room was also emphasized in the same court order: “Nor should servants, servants, leekies, both men, boys, or other common servants be left in unusually princely rooms, and our servants should be in front of the place In a disciplined manner by virtue of their natural devotion, such as serving them as servants to their master and himself. To honor and to fame to themself be cautious. But in our other rooms, in which we are accustomed to be outside of the meal, nobody should be called, he is then in order and required by us. "
In the 17th century, the importance of the dining rooms, architecturally but also functionally, rapidly decreased, they were no longer one of the main representative rooms of German castles. You now have to fit into the block-like structure of the residential architecture based on the models of Italian palace buildings, as the building history of the Munich Residence after 1600 shows, for example. In the sample floor plans for princely residence palaces by Joseph Furttenbach in 1640, table rooms no longer appear as excellent room types, and the stove is no longer a constituent element.
literature
- Arthur Kern (Ed.): German court orders of the 16th and 17th centuries . 2 vols. Berlin 1905/07.
- Werner Paravicini ; Holger Kruse (Ed.): Courtyards and court orders 1200 - 1600 (= Residency research 10) . Sigmaringen 1999.
- Stephan Hoppe : court room and table room. Functional spatial differentiation in Central European aristocratic seats since the High Middle Ages , in: Großmann, Georg Ulrich; Ottomeyer, Hans (ed.): The castle. Scientific companion volume to the exhibitions "Burg und Herrschaft" and "Mythos Burg". Publication of the contributions to the symposium "Die Burg" from March 19-22, 2009. Berlin / Nürnberg / Dresden 2010, pp. 196–207. Full text online
- Stephan Hoppe, Wining and Dining in Style. Architectural Innovations as a Source for Ritual Change in German Renaissance Palaces , in: Kodres, Krista; Mänd, Anu (Ed.): Images and objects in ritual practices in medieval and early modern northern and central Europe. Newcastle upon Tyne 2013, pp. 301-323.
- Stephan Hoppe, The Renaissance castle and its surroundings. The architecture-related fan view as an epoch-specific gesture of rule , in: Holzner-Tobisch, Kornelia; Kühtreiber, Thomas; Blaschitz, Gertrud (Ed.): The complexity of the street. Continuity and change in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Vienna 2012, pp. 303–329. Full text on ART doc
- Johannes Erichsen, Public and Private Sphere. The rooms of Maximilian I and his wives in the Munich Residence , in: Langer, Brigitte (Ed.): Pracht und Zeremoniell. The furniture of the Munich Residence. Munich 2002, pp. 45-49.
- Stephan Hoppe, The functional and spatial structure of early castle construction in Central Germany. Examined using examples of sovereign buildings from the period between 1470 and 1570 . Cologne 1996, here pp. 420–427.
- Stephan Hoppe, Structural form and location of women's living spaces in German residential castles of the late 15th and 16th centuries , in: Hirschbiegel, Jan ; Paravicini, Werner (ed.): The woman's room. The woman at court in the late Middle Ages and early modern times (= residence research 11). Stuttgart 2000, pp. 151-174 full text
Individual evidence
- ^ De Jonge, Krista: Bourgondische residenties in het graafschap Vlaanderen. Rijsel, Brugge en Gent ten tijde van Filips de Goede. In: Handelingen der Maatschappij der Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent (2000), pp. 93-134.
- ^ Hoppe, Stephan: The architecture of the Heidelberg Castle in the first half of the 16th century. New dates and interpretations. In: Rödel, Volker (Red.): Middle Ages. Heidelberg Castle and the Palatinate County near the Rhine until the Reformation. Publication accompanying the permanent exhibition. Regensburg 2002, pp. 183-190.
- ↑ Hoppe, Stephan: The Renaissance-era castle and its surrounding area. The architecture-related fan view as an epoch-specific gesture of rule. In: Holzner-Tobisch, Kornelia; Kühtreiber, Thomas; Blaschitz, Gertrud (Ed.): The complexity of the street. Continuity and change in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Vienna 2012, pp. 303–329.
- ↑ SächsHStA Dresden, Loc. 32436, No. 3
- ↑ Johannes Erichsen, Public and Private Sphere. The rooms of Maximilian I and his wives in the Munich Residence , in: Langer, Brigitte (Ed.): Pracht und Zeremoniell. The furniture of the Munich Residence. Munich 2002, pp. 45-49.
- ^ Furttenbach, Joseph: Architectura recreationis. Ulm 1640.