Tauwābūn

The Tawwābūn (التوّابون / 'The penitents, the penitents') were an Alidian revolutionary movement directed against the Umayyads , which arose primarily in Kufa . The movement of the followers of the Shiite martyr Hossein (Hoseyn) first appeared in 680. The movement is considered to be the real origin of Shiite Islam.

Unlike other Shiite movements, it did not proclaim an imam.

The five leaders of the movement are Sulayman ibn Surad al-Chuza'i , Musaiyab ibn Najaba al-Fazari , Abdullah ibn Sad ibn Nufail al-Azdi , Abdulla ibn Walin al-Taimi and Rifa 'ibn Schaddad al-Badjali .

“In the beginning there was apparently the awareness of Shiite partisans in Kufa that they had abandoned Hoseyn near Karbala . In the autumn of 684 a group of "penitents" moved from Kufa to Karbala to sacrifice themselves. With few exceptions, the participants were actually killed by Umayyad troops in early January 685. The willingness to sacrifice oneself, combined with complaints about the fate of the imams, have remained the most prominent features of Twelve Shiite religiosity to this day. "

Historical sources (selection)

• Tārīkh al-tabarī ( Tabari )
• Tadjārib al-umam ( Ibn Miskawayh )
• Ansāb al-ashrāf ( Baladhuri )

See also

• Ashura & Shiite Passion Play
• Taʿziye

literature

• EJ Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 ( excerpt in Google book search)
• Denny, FM "Tawwābūn." Encyclopaedia of Islam , Second Edition.
• Julius Wellhausen : The religious-political opposition parties in ancient Islam . Berlin: Weidmann, 1901 ( digitized version )
• Rasūl Ja'farīan: History of the Caliphs ( online section )
• Maria Massi Dakake: The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam . (Suny Series in Islam) State Univ. of New York 2007 ( excerpt) in the Google book search
• Gustav Weil : History of the Chalifes ( digitized version: I.352 ff. )

Web links

• ismaili.net: Origin and rise of the Tawwabun
• imamreza.net: The Tawwabin's (The Repenters) Movement - imamreza.net
• I tawwabun italian.irib.ir (1) , (2) ( IRIB )
• I Tawabbun (Penitenti) SHM Jafri

References and footnotes

1. ↑ Heinz Halm: Die Schiiten, 2005, p. 25: "The kufic penitentiary movement is the real origin of Shiite Islam".
2. ↑ MA Shaban: The 'Abbāsid Revolution . 1970, p. 145 ( excerpt from Google book search)
3. ↑ I tawwabun italian.irib.ir (1) (there after the Associazione islamica Imam Mahdi )
4. ↑ Monika Gronke : History of Iran: From Islamization to the Present ( excerpt in the Google book search)
5. ^ Everett K. Rowson and Alex V. Popovkin: The History of Al-Tabari, Volume 40: Index: 60 (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies). State Univ. of New York. 2007 ( excerpt from the Google book search: “al-Tawwabun (Penitents, Repenters) XX: 80-97, 124-59, 162, 182-89; XXI: 2, 45; XXXIX: 53, 138, 274”)