Temperature ranges of electronic components
When using electronic components , the permissible temperature range must be taken into account in practice . The manufacturers of the components often indicate different temperature ranges in the data sheets.
Storage temperature range
The storage temperature range of the components specifies the temperature range in which the components can be stored permanently. It must be taken into account here that the components should ideally be in the original product packaging and that no voltage may be applied to the components so that they do not generate any power loss.
Falling below the minimum storage temperature or exceeding the maximum storage temperature can damage the components. For example, if the storage temperature of film or electrolytic capacitors is exceeded, this can damage the components. For example, the insulating film of the capacitors can be damaged or the electrolyte can evaporate. Both lead to component failure. In the case of winding goods such as transformers and coils , the insulation can be damaged if the temperature is too high .
Falling below the minimum storage temperature can also destroy the components, as this can lead to component breakage. In addition, in the case of liquid crystal displays (LCDs), temperatures that are too low can cause the display layer in the component to freeze, which leads to component failure.
The storage temperature range of the components is equal to or greater than the permanent operating temperature range of the components. The storage temperature range of semiconductor components is often in the range of −65 ° C to +150 ° C.
Continuous operating temperature range
Semiconductor components
The semiconductor components (e.g. diodes , transistors , integrated circuits ) may be operated continuously during operation in the range of an ambient temperature of the respective area, provided the manufacturer has approved them. Exceeding the maximum operating temperature can lead to thermal destruction of semiconductor components.
The following table lists the most common continuous operating temperature ranges for semiconductor components in practice.
| Temperature range | designation | typical application |
|---|---|---|
| 0 to 70 ° C | Commercial temperature range | Consumer electronics, e.g. B. Toys, radios, televisions, computers |
| −40 to 85 ° C | Industrial temperature range | Industrial electronics, e.g. B. industrial controls and regulations |
| −40 to 125 ° C | Automotive temperature range | Engine-related electronics in the automotive sector, e.g. B. engine control unit, air conditioning control units, sensors |
| −55 to 125 ° C | Military temperature range | Military applications, aerospace industry, e.g. B. Airplanes, ships, measuring devices, radios |
In addition to these four continuous operating temperature ranges, there are also a large number of other ranges, which are, however, not of great importance in practice as independent ranges. This includes the extraterrestrial temperature range (space applications such as satellites) as a special continuous operating temperature range. This range is even larger than the military (−55 to 125 ° C) and is specified individually depending on the application. For the digital components of the 74xx series , the component manufacturers have specified series with different temperature ranges, e.g. B. 74xx (0 to 70 ° C), 54xx (−55 to 125 ° C) and 84xx (−40 to 85 ° C).
Passive components
The continuous operating temperature range of passive components ( resistors , capacitors , coils ) is often based on the various continuous operating temperature ranges of semiconductor components. In addition, there are special components for electrical resistors which, for example, are designed as wire resistors alone or coated with a ceramic or cement material and can reach temperatures well above +125 ° C.
Printed circuit boards
The continuous operating temperature range of circuit boards also depends on the circuit board material used. Above the glazing point, the temperature coefficient for the change in thickness of the circuit board increases significantly, so there is an increased risk that the metallized sleeves of the circuit board can tear off.
Junction temperature range
When in data sheets of the junction temperature range ( English temperature junction , often with symbols T J or TJ) is given of semiconductor devices, which does not necessarily mean that the ambient air must have this temperature. Rather, it must be taken into account at the maximum temperature that the semiconductor components generate heat loss, which they have to give off to the ambient air. The maximum junction temperature is therefore usually greater than the maximum continuous operating temperature of the semiconductor components. Some integrated circuits have protective devices that are intended to prevent the maximum temperature from being exceeded, for example throttling or shutdown.
literature
- Seifart, Manfred; Beikirch, Helmut: Digital circuits . 5th edition. Verlag Technik, 1998, ISBN 3-341-01198-6 .