Transcranial direct current stimulation

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The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (engl. Transcranial direct current stimulation ) is a non-invasive , painless and completely reversible method for the electrical stimulation of the brain . Direct current is applied to electrodes attached to the scalp , which changes cortical excitability and neuronal activity.

The actual intracranial current density achieved corresponds approximately to 50% of the original current. The orientation and duration of the cortical activations depend on the polarity, intensity and duration of the stimulation performed. In the case of anodal stimulation with a fixed current density of 2 mA, the intracranial stimulation corresponds to approx. 1 mA, over a period of 20 minutes the cortical activation can be determined up to 90 minutes after the tDCS.

The tDCS depolarizes the nerve cell membrane. The stimulation modulates the spontaneous activation of the neurons as a result of a change in the resting membrane potential and leads either to an activation or to an inhibition of the area. Transcranial direct current stimulation is therefore suitable for the spontaneous modulation of cortical activity. An anodal tDCS has an activating effect on the stimulated area.

In addition, the tDCS is better accepted by the test subjects due to the low risk compared to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) . With TMS, however, it can lead to an epileptic seizure . This risk does not exist with tDCS. In addition, transcranial direct current stimulation is very suitable for a double-blind design . Based on the stimulation codes programmed in advance, neither the test leader nor the test person is informed about the type of stimulation.

The tDCS is also gaining ground in competitive sports, as the accelerated nerve conduction speed also increases the speed of force, e.g. B. can improve significantly with jumps. The effect seems limited to a maximum of 30 minutes. This makes it difficult to use in competitions. Accordingly, the procedure is mainly used for training purposes.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Nitsche, MA, & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. In: The Journal of Physiology , 527 (Pt 3), 633-639. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x
  2. ↑ a b Nitsche, MA, & Paulus, PDW (2007). Transcranial direct current stimulation. In PD med HR Siebner & PD med U. Ziemann (Eds.), Das TMS-Buch (pp. 533-542). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-71905-2_53
  3. ↑ a b Nitsche, MA, Nitsche, MS, Klein, CC, Tergau, F., Rothwell, JC, & Paulus, W. (2003). Level of action of cathodal DC polarization induced inhibition of the human motor cortex. In: Clinical Neurophysiology, 114 (4), 600-604. doi : 10.1016 / S1388-2457 (02) 00412-1
  4. ↑ Batsikadze, G., Moliadze, V., Paulus, W., Kuo, M.-F., & Nitsche, MA (2013). Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. In: The Journal of Physiology, 591 (Pt 7), 1987-2000. doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol.2012.249730
  5. ^ Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2008). Transcranial direct current stimulation and visual perception. In: Perception, 37 (3), 367 - 374. doi : 10.1068 / p5872
  6. ^ MA Nitsche et al .: Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art. In: Brain Stimulation. Volume 1, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 206-223. doi : 10.1016 / j.brs.2008.06.004
  7. ↑ Antal, A., Kincses, TZ, Nitsche, MA, Bartfai, O., & Paulus, W. (2004). Excitability Changes Induced in the Human Primary Visual Cortex by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Direct Electrophysiological Evidence. In: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45 (2), 702-707. doi : 10.1167 / iovs.03-0688
  8. ↑ Javadi, AH, & Walsh, V. (2012). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates declarative memory. In: Brain Stimulation, 5 (3), 231–241. doi : 10.1016 / j.brs.2011.06.007
  9. ↑ Cattaneo et al., 2011
  10. ↑ Gandiga, Hummel, & Cohen, 2006
  11. ↑ Arnd Krüger : Schnellere Schnellkraft, in: Leistungssport 47 (2017), 4, 31-32.
  12. ↑ Tanaka, S., Hanakawa, T., Honda, M. et al. (2009), Enhancement of pinch force in the lower leg by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, Exp. Brain Res. , 196 (3), 459-465.