Ural phonetic alphabet

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The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet ( UPA , English Uralic Phonetic Alphabet , Finnish Suomalais-ugrilainen tarkekirjoitus ) is an extension of the Latin alphabet for the phonetic transcription of spoken languages, based on a proposal published in 1901 by the Finnish linguist and later politician Eemil Nestor Setälä . It is used in works from the beginning of the 20th century (before the general spread of the IPA ), but in the tradition of these works it is still used today in Ural studies . Unlike the IPA, it is not standardized so that variants or additional letters can be found for individual authors.

In addition to the letters of the Latin alphabet, the alphabet also uses Greek and Cyrillic letters and superscript letters in their own meaning. Other characters are mainly formed by using existing letters of the lead type rotated by 90 ° or 180 °, or by partially sanding them off so that only part of the original letter appears in the print. As a result, a large number of characters could be achieved without the need to design special (and therefore expensive) metal type fonts.

In 2002, the characters required for UPA and its variants were incorporated into Unicode . They can be found mainly in the Phonetic Extensions block .

literature

  • Lauri Posti, Terho Itkonen: FU transcription yksinkertaistaminen. Az FU-átírás egyszerüsítése. To simplify FU transcription. On simplifying of the FU transcription. Castrenianumin toimitteita, 7th University of Helsinki, 1973. ISSN  0355-0141 ISBN 951-45-0282-5 .
  • Antti Sovijärvi, Reino Peltola: Suomalais-ugrilainen tarkekirjoitus . Publicationes instituti phonetici universitatis Helsingiensis, Helsinki 1970. Excerpt online (Finnish, PDF, 5.3 MB, accessed June 1, 2013) with a description of the UPA.

Individual evidence

  1. On the transcription of the Finnish-Ugric languages . In: Finnish-Ugric research . tape 1 , 1901, p. 36 ( Wikisource ).
  2. Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. Institute for the Languages ​​of Finland, November 15, 2009, archived from the original on July 28, 2014 ; accessed on June 1, 2013 .
  3. ^ National Bodies of Finland, Ireland, Norway: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS. (PDF; 1.4 MB) ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2, Document N2419, March 20, 2002, accessed on June 1, 2013 (English, the characters suggested here were ultimately included in other code positions in Unicode.).