Verbal adjective

Verbal adjectives are such as B. the participle , adjectives of verbal origin, d. In other words, their meaning can be derived from a corresponding verbal stem, but their stock of forms corresponds to that of other declinable words. Like other adjectives , they can be used either attributive or predicative . In the different languages ​​they can also take on different functions in terms of content.

Ancient Greek

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In ancient Greek there is first a verbal adjective, which corresponds both in terms of its function and the ending after the participle perfect passive in Latin. If we know the ending -tus for the nominative singular masculine , it reads -tos in ancient Greek. This verbal adjective is also translated as in Latin: For example, someone who is referred to as παιδευτός paideutós is educated .

However, the ending -tos can have a second meaning that corresponds to our German - bar . A παιδευτὸς παῖς paideutòs paîs is also an educable child . Here, as in general, you have to pay attention to the context when looking for the right translation.

The second ending of the Greek verbal adjective is, again in the nominative singular masculine, - teos . Like the Latin gerundive , it expresses that something has to be done. Two constructions are possible here, depending on which perspective is to be emphasized:

Personally constructed, the verbal adjective is congruent with its reference word; a pais paideuteos is therefore a child worth educating or a child who needs to be brought up .

But one can also formulate neutrally paideuteon estin - it has to be educated , there is a need to educate, one has to educate . Then the original verbal character of the word comes to the fore, and the child to be brought up has with him as an accusative object: ton paida paideuteon estin .

In both the first and the second option of the verbal adjective - teos , the person for whom the need to act arises enters the dative auctoris. Hämin paideuteos estin ho pais or also hämin paideuteon estin ton paida means: For us there is a need to raise the child or simply we have to raise the child .

Latin

In Latin the gerundive fulfills the same function as the verbal adjective in Greek - teos : It usually expresses that something has to happen. The sound sequence - nd - is added to the verbal stem , the endings correspond, as with the Greek verbal adjectives, to the nouns of the a - or o -declination.

The construction options also correspond to the Greek. One can either choose the personal formulation with congruence between the reference word and the verbal adjective - discipula nobis laudanda est = “the student must be praised by us” - or formulate it impersonally: Nunc est bibendum = “now we have to drink”. As you can see in the first example, the dative auctoris also appears in Latin when the person who has to perform the action is named.

Among the three types of Latin participles are the present active participle , the participle future tense active and past participle passive , which except for the participle future tense active can be as accurately translated in German. They are used to identify the time relationships.