retirement
Retirement describes the state in which a person finds himself after the end of the working life . This status is achieved by leaving working life, especially in old age, and can be used in an honorary or professional title with the abbreviation i. R. ("retired").
For employees, retirement goes hand in hand with the first drawing of the pension from the statutory pension insurance if a corresponding entitlement has been fulfilled and refers to the last phase of the former employee's life. Civil servants receive a pension at the end of their working life if the requirements for retirement are met . Self-employed people retire when they no longer perform management functions in “their” company (provided that this remains after the owner has left the company) and are then no longer gainfully employed.
The exercise of a marginal employment does not cause someone who is retired, loses the status of a pensioner.
Regular retirement for employees and civil servants
In Germany, retirement began until 2011 with the month following the age of 65. Since 2012, the relatives of each new age group must initially remain in the labor force for one month, and for those born in 1959 two months longer than those who are one year older if they want to receive the full retirement benefit. From 2029, the retirement age will begin at the age of 67. Those born in 1964 and later are affected by this rule. The regulation for recipients of benefits from the German pension insurance is also applied to most German civil servants. Similar resolutions apply in Austria , while Switzerland has a flexible retirement age .
Annuity and pension payments for which an entitlement has been acquired in Germany is usually also transferred abroad if the retirees live abroad. The same applies to retirees who have spent most of their working life in Austria or Switzerland.
early retirement
Early retirement refers to the time between the completion of the work , and the occurrence of the statutory bond or retirement age. Early drawing of retirement benefits usually leads to a reduction in the amounts paid out. In Germany, everyone who takes early retirement or retirement receives a discount of 0.3 percent from their full retirement benefits for every month by which they extend their retirement until their death. The term early retirement does not make sense to apply to seniors who do not receive any transfer payments from the statutory pension insurance or a civil servant's pension .
In Germany, there is a discernible departure from the practice that has been in place since the 1970s of sending older workers into early retirement in order to reduce the unemployment rate . Systematic early retirement reduces the proportion of those paying into the pension funds and increases the number of pension recipients. On the other hand, the number of employable recipients of transfer income in the form of unemployment benefit in times of high unemployment is reduced by promoting early retirement. As the number of unemployed falls in an economy and it becomes more difficult to replace retiring workers when there is a shortage of skilled workers , the motivation of employers to accept early retirement schemes is reduced.
It has been proven that the willingness of sufficiently healthy people to remain gainfully employed until they reach the statutory retirement age and sometimes beyond that is increasing. The steady decrease in the level of payments from the statutory pension insurance plays a role here. If, however, the level of retirement income was irrelevant, then according to a GfK survey carried out in 2013, more than half of the respondents would retire before their 60th birthday. Only nine percent of those surveyed would be willing to work beyond their 65th birthday. However, the willingness to voluntarily renounce possible retirement income is less pronounced, the lower it is.
Consequences of retirement
The transition to retirement can be very drastic for those affected and their relatives, especially if retirees are no longer gainfully employed and do not do any voluntary work. The main causes of the changes in the habitual lifestyle associated with the end of employment are: the reduction in income, the change in role behavior, the loss of status symbols, the lack of stimuli and success, the loss of collegial relationships and the withdrawal of social environment, in which you have spent a large part of your time.
Evaluation of a given fixed retirement age
According to two judgments of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) of October 16, 2007 and October 12, 2010, it does not constitute a case of age discrimination if an employee is retired against his will when he reaches the statutory age limit . On September 13, 2011, however, the ECJ ruled that a collective bargaining agreement, which provides for a rigid age limit of 60 for pilots , violates Directive 2000/78 / EC (PDF) .
Individual evidence
- ↑ retirement on Duden.de, accessed 7 March 2012
- ↑ Working group of communal and church old-age provision (AKA) eV: The provision of civil servants. A general overview . October 2011
- ↑ Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (BMAS) / Public Relations and Internet: Independently for a worry-free retirement . January 10, 2008
- ^ Federal Government: All articles on the subject of continuing to work in retirement age
- ↑ German pension insurance: Pension abroad
- ↑ Frank Micheel / Juliane Roloff / Ines Wickenheiser: The willingness to continue working in retirement age in connection with socio-economic characteristics . In: "Comparative Population Studies - Journal for Population Science" Vol. 35, 4 (2010), pp. 833–868 (first published on December 22, 2011)
- ↑ Every second German wants to retire before 60 . Die Welt , August 4, 2013
- ↑ Current case law - results . Curia.europa.eu. October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
- ↑ Court of Justice of the European Union: Press Release No. 103/10 . October 12, 2010 (PDF; 82 kB)
- ↑ ECJ, judgment of September 13, 2011 - C 447/09
