Vorwald

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A pre-forest is a forest structure type. Forest ecosystems are subject to constant dynamics . Above all, age and spatial structure as well as the range of species change. Within these successions , which take place over several phases and long periods of time, the forest structure of the pre-forest takes the first position. The last position is the final forest stage. Preforest occurs naturally or deliberately or accidentally on bare land (in northern and central Germany mostly birch or willow). Therefore, birch trees are called typical pioneer tree species . However, other tree species (forest tree species) can take on this pioneering role.

Pre-forest tree species are characterized by the following properties: rapid youth growth, early growth culmination, early maturity, abundant and early fructification .

Forests in forestry

Forest managers specifically cultivate pre-forests as a so-called time mix in the high forest : under a pre-forest of fast-growing tree species, demanding tree species such as beech , oak , fir , spruce or Douglas fir are planted, which form the final forest after the pre- forest has been cleared. Poplar trees including aspen , alder or birch are particularly suitable as forest tree species . The Vorwald structure type is thus divided into two layers. The upper layer (with age and height protrusion) form the forest tree species, the lower the main tree species. However, several layers and transitions (pre-forest-like structure) are possible (Weck, 1948 - forest structure types).

Due to their low susceptibility to failure, pre-forests should take on the following functions: They protect the main tree species from frost, wind and solar radiation. They improve the soil tare through the leaves , reduce grass formation , drain wet areas and reduce erosion on slopes. Forests can act as "base pumps" and enrich the upper mineral soil with nutrients. In addition to the advantages mentioned, the forest manager has to accept the disadvantages of the competition for roots and light .

The cultivation of pre-forests can alleviate supply bottlenecks on the small wood market by allowing biomass for energy wood and industrial wood to be harvested early and on a large area .

literature

  • Fritz Fiedler: The youthful growth of the birch in pre-forest coverings . Diss. Tharandt (with 59 references up to 1960), 1962
  • Fritz Fiedler: The importance of the birch as a forest tree species Conference reports No. 3 of the German Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Berlin, 1962
  • Fritz Fiedler: The development of the forest concept with special consideration of the birch , Arch.f.Forstws. 1962
  • Fritz Fiedler: About the term "Vorwald" . Forestry and hunting (3). S102. 1960
  • J. Weck: Forest structure types . General Forstz., Munich 3 issue 10, pp. 85-89. 1948
  • H. Thomasius: Principles of an ecologically oriented silviculture . Forstw. Cbl. 111: 141-155 (1992). Ed. Parey. ISSN  0015-8003 here especially on p. 146
  • H. Thomasius: The spruce . Volume II / 3 Verl. Parey ISBN 3-490-09716-5 (pp. 24–34, section 1.5 types of succession)
  • H. Thomasius: History, concerns and ways of forest conversion in Saxony , extended version of a lecture from November 16, 1995. Editor Sächs. Minister of state for agriculture, nutrition and forestry s. here p. 45

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Vorwald - Biomass for energy and industry on waldwissen.net
  2. ↑ Forests promote soil fertility on waldwissen.net