Trade in goods

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term trade in goods is understood to mean the commercial sale of goods for means of payment ( monetary units ). This sub-area of ​​the goods trade has only goods as the object of trade. Goods imports and commodity exports resulting from international economic relations, are in the trade balance recorded.

The trade in goods is of central importance for the trade relations of the national economies , since this represents the main branch of intra- and interregional trade transactions in relation to the traded services .

Other names

Movement of goods

This term is used as a synonym for trade in goods. However, the term is used in economics in the sense of general trade and thus represents a specification of the trade in goods. In this respect, trade in goods and trade in goods are not to be equated.

Trade in goods

In the economic literature, the economic classification of goods has largely established itself . In this respect, the trade in goods encompasses both the trade in goods and services. This means that trade in goods should not be used as a synonym for trade in goods.

Economic classification

The trade relations of economies are based on the price differences for certain goods, products and products. The causes of the price differences can be traced back to the different factor endowments of the countries (raw materials, technological know-how, production processes, climatic conditions, mineral resources, etc.). Thus, the in-house production of goods, products and products can cause more costs than the import of the corresponding finished goods and products. The extent to which an economy is open to the world market can be measured by the share of tradable goods in total production ( GDP ). However, the foreign trade quota also gives an impression of the openness of an economy.

Intra- and interregional trade in goods

The intra-regional exchange of goods is the trade between countries in a region . In 2006, for example, the main economic regions of North America, Central and South America and Europe - measured in terms of intra-trade. The transfer of goods between the different regions is called interregional trade in goods.

The share of intra-regional trade in goods in total trade is significantly higher than the share of trade that is carried out between the regions. This can be explained by the close trade links, which cause lower transport costs compared to inter-trade.

Both intra- and interregional trade in goods is divided into the sub-transactions of goods export and goods import. The difference in value is recorded as the trade balance in the balance of payments.

Specification of trade in goods

Specialty trade

Special trade covers the direct import and export of goods in an economy. These goods are usually imported or exported for use, consumption, treatment or processing. In addition, imports from customs warehouses that are intended for free trade or for inward processing are recorded.

General trade

In addition to recording the direct import and export of goods, the goods from the stocks of customs offices and other cross-border interim storage facilities are also taken into account. This means that general trade includes all imported and exported goods.

Legal basis and classification of goods

The cross-border movement of goods is regulated in particular by the GATT Agreement (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). In addition, the additional agreement on subsidies, protective measures against dumping and the special role of agriculture is included in this agreement.

The classification of goods in foreign trade is based on

  • the Harmonized System for Describing and Coding Goods (HS), United Nations
  • of the Combined Nomenclature (CN), European Union
  • the list of goods for foreign trade statistics (WA), Germany

Trade in goods in Germany

The development of value-based exports of goods by the German economy traditionally shows a surplus. This means that the value of goods exports is higher than goods imports. This positive trade balance is necessary to offset the low or negative balances of the current and capital account. The foreign trade surplus is achieved in particular through chemical products, high-quality machines and systems, data processing equipment and facilities as well as vehicles and vehicle parts.

In 2004, goods to the value of 731.1 billion euros were exported, which made up a third of the gross domestic product . In relation to the year 2004, the following structure of the trading countries can be recorded: Around 83% of the exports of goods are due to developed industrial nations (EU25 = 63%, USA = 8%, Eastern European countries = 12%). Trade with developing and emerging countries, on the other hand, is less pronounced, with the People's Republic of China accounting for 4% of goods exports.

When looking at goods imports, it can be seen that primarily crude oil and natural gas, clothing and metal products are in demand in Germany. In summary, it should be noted that high-quality investment and consumer products are exported from Germany and mainly raw materials are imported.

literature

  • Katrin Alisch, Eggert Winter, Ute Arentzen: Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon , 16th edition, Wiesbaden, 2004: Gabler Verlag, ISBN 3-409-32998-6 .
  • Ulrich Baßeler, Jürgen Heinrich, Burkard Utecht Ed .: Fundamentals and Problems of Economics , 18th edition, Stuttgart, 2006, Schäffer Poeschel Verlag, ISBN 3-7910-2437-X .
  • Oliver Blanchard, Gerhard Illing. Gerhard: Macroeconomics , 3rd edition, Munich, 2003: Pearson Studium, ISBN 3-8273-7051-5 .
  • Reiner Clement, Witrud Terlau, Manfred Kiy: Fundamentals of Applied Macroeconomics , 4th Edition, Munich, 2006: Vahlen Verlag, ISBN 3-8006-3337-X
  • Hans W. Grafers: Introduction to external business , Stuttgart, 1999: Schäffer Poeschel Verlag, ISBN 3-7910-1449-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alisch et al., (2004) Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon, pp. 3420f.
  2. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education , Intra- and Interregional Trade in Goods , accessed online on April 3, 2008
  3. ↑ World Trade Organization (2006), International Trade Statistics, accessed online April 6, 2008
  4. ↑ Federal Statistical Office, Statistical Yearbook (2003), p. 275.
  5. ↑ Alisch et al., (2004) Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon, pp. 3421f.
  6. ↑ Foreign trade balance of Germany 2018 - Statista. In: de.statista.com. December 18, 2019, accessed December 18, 2019 .

Web links