Xixia Qiang languages
The Xixia Qiang languages or shortly Qiang languages form a sub-unit of Qiangic languages belonging to the Tibeto-Burman languages belong to a primary branch of the Sino Tibetan . The ten Qiang languages are spoken by 250,000 people in southern China in the Sichuan province . The largest single language is the Qiang with 130,000 speakers. The Qiang languages also include Xixia or Tangut, the extinct language of the Tangut Empire (11th - 13th centuries).
Xixia-Qiang within Sino-Tibetan
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Sinotibian
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Tibeto Burmese
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Qiang Gyalrong
- Xixia-Qiang
- Gyalrong
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Qiang Gyalrong
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Tibeto Burmese
Internal classification and number of speakers
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Xixia-Qiang
- Xixia (Hsi Hsia, Tangutisch) †
- Qiang
- Qiang-Prinmi
- Qiang (Ch'iang) (130,000 speakers)
- Northern dialects: Yadu, Weigu, Cimulin, Luhua
- Southern dialects: Dajishan, Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, Jiaochang
- Prinmi (Pimi, Pumi) dialects: Taoba (north), Qinghua (south)
- Muya (Miyao, Minyak, Manyak) (15,000)
- Qiang (Ch'iang) (130,000 speakers)
- Zhaba-Queyu
- Queyu (7,000)
- Zhaba (Zaba) (8,000)
- Guiqiong (Guichong) (6,000)
- Ersu-Namuyi
- Ersu (Eršu) (15,000) dialects: Ersu, Duoxou, Lüzu
- Namuyi (Namuzi) (5,000)
- Shixing (2,000)
- Qiang-Prinmi
Classification and number of speakers according to the given web link.
literature
Xixia-Qiang
- Randy J. LaPolla: Qiang. In: Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- Picus Sizhi Ding: Prinmi: A Sketch of Niuwozi. In: Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- Gong Hwang-Cherng: Tangut. In: Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- Ksenia Kepping , Christopher Beckwith: A Preliminary Glossary of Tangut from Tibetan Transcriptions. In: Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill, Leiden / Boston / Cologne 2002.
Tibeto Burmese
- Christopher I. Beckwith (Ed.): Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill, Leiden / Boston / Cologne 2002.
- Paul K. Benedict: Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus. Cambridge University Press, 1972.
- Scott DeLancey: Sino-Tibetan Languages. In: Bernard Comrie (Ed.): The World's Major Languages. Oxford University Press, 1990.
- Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages. Mouton, Berlin / New York / Amsterdam 1982.
- James A. Matisoff: Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. University of California Press, 2003.
- Anju Saxena (Ed.): Himalayan Languages. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2004.
- Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla: The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge, London 2003.
- Van Driem, George: Languages of the Himalayas. Brill, Leiden 2001.
See also
Web links
- Ernst Kausen: The Classification of the Sino-Tibetan Languages. (DOC; 116 kB)