1890s

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Events

politics

Spanish-American War: American troops attack San Juan Hill . Painting by Frederic Sackrider Remington .

• 1890 : Name change of the SAPD after the end of the socialist laws in SPD , 1891 adoption of the Erfurt program
• 1890: With the massacre of Wounded Knee the last resistance of the American Indians to land grab and genocide is broken.
• 1890: Otto von Bismarck is taken over by Kaiser Wilhelm II . forced to resign. He is succeeded by Leo von Caprivi .
• 1890: Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty - The German Empire receives Heligoland from Great Britain; In exchange, the German Reich recognizes the English claims to Zanzibar and cedes the German colony Wituland to Great Britain.
• 1891: The introduction of the popular initiative is decided in Switzerland .
• 1893 : Introduction of women's suffrage in New Zealand . New Zealand is the first modern state to fully grant women this citizenship .
• 1894 : The Donghak uprising
• 1894/ 1895 : First Sino-Japanese War : Japan gets Taiwan
• 1894/1896: Hamidic massacres 1894–1896 and resistance from Sason : First major massacre by Turks and Kurds of Armenians.
• 1894–1898: Dreyfus affair in France , Émile Zola .
• 1896 : The British-Zanzibari War is the shortest war in world history. On August 27, 1896, it lasts only 38 minutes.
• 1896/ 1897 : Turkish-Greek war , pogroms against Armenians , Turkish massacre in Crete.
• 1896–1898: Philippine Revolution .
• from 1898: German-British naval arms race
• 1898 : Spanish-American War , Spain loses its colonies in America.
• 1898: Faschoda crisis between England and France over colonies in Africa.
• 1898: The Austro-Hungarian Empress Elisabeth is murdered in Geneva by the Italian anarchist Luigi Lucheni with the prick of a sharp file.
• 1899–1902: Second Boer War .

economy

• 1890: Allianz Versicherungs-AG starts its business operations in Berlin with the entry in the commercial register .
• 1890: The Kuehne + Nagel company is founded in Bremen.
• 1890: The German company Deutsch-Österreichische Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG is founded in Düsseldorf.
• from 1890: Due to the drastic drop in raw material prices, Argentina can no longer service its foreign debts, whereupon the London Barings Bank , one of the country's main creditors , goes bankrupt. As a result, there are further crises in South Africa and the USA .
• 1891: The soap company Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company is founded in Chicago by William Wrigley Jr.
• 1891: Gerard Philips founds the Philips company in Eindhoven .
• 1892 Asa Griggs Candler based in Atlanta , Georgia , the company The Coca-Cola Company .
• 1892: Limited state funds for the construction of new railway lines lead to the enactment of the Prussian Small Railway Act . The private railways in Prussia caused an upswing in passenger and freight traffic in the following years .
• 1893: In France , a bicycle tax is introduced by law , which also taxes motorcycles and automobiles. Several other countries followed suit with the development of this tax source in the following years.
• 1893: " Industrial Black Friday " in the USA triggers significant price losses on the New York Stock Exchange , which hit railroad stocks in particular. As a result, the economic crisis also hits the silver market and develops into a "silver panic".
• 1893: In Aachen Franz Zentis founded a grocery store from which the jams , confectionery and other food manufacturing companies Zentis seen.
• 1893: A few weeks after he was appointed Prime Minister for the seventh time, Charilaos Trikoupis declares the Greek state bankruptcy in a speech before parliament .
• 1896: Charles Pathé and his three brothers founded Société Pathé Frères in Paris , a company that sells phonographic equipment . It developed into a major film and record producer .
• 1896: Herman Hollerith founds the Tabulating Machine Company , a predecessor of IBM .
• 1896: Armand Peugeot founds the Société Anonyme des Automobiles Peugeot with headquarters in Audincourt and Lille.
• 1896/1897: The port workers' strike in Hamburg developed into one of the largest work stoppages in the German Reich .
• 1898: The Rheinisch-Westfälische Elektrizitätswerk AG ( RWE ) is founded by Elektrizitäts-AG, formerly W. Lahmeyer & Co and the German Society for Electrical Enterprises, to supply the city of Essen with electricity.
• 1898: With Hausmüllverwertung München GmbH , Germany's first company for industrial waste separation begins work.
• 1898: Frank and Charles Seiberling founded in Akron ( Ohio ), the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company . Rubber tires for carriages and bicycles as well as rubber products are the first products manufactured.
• 1898: Josef and Emil Berliner found the Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft in Hanover .
• 1898: The Edeka Group is created through the merger of 21 purchasing associations from the German Empire in the Hallesches Tor district in Berlin to form the grocery retailers' cooperative.
• 1898: Louis, Fernand and Marcel Renault founded the Renault Frères company (Renault brothers) in France.
• 1899: AT&T buys American Bell , thereby gaining the telephone monopoly in the USA .

Cultural history

• Origin of Art Nouveau and the beginning of Viennese Modernism , e.g. B. 1896 the magazine Jugend , Wandervogelbewegung .
• Founding of the Munich Typographical Society in the Hackerbräuhaus in Munich .

science and technology

• 1890: Inoculation with immune serum against diphtheria by Emil von Behring . The French doctor Charles Richet vaccinated immune serum in a human for the first time .
• 1890: The British film pioneer Wordsworth Donisthorpe takes his first moving pictures in London's Trafalgar Square with the kinesigraph he developed the previous year .
• 1891: Otto Lilienthal's first flight , fatal crash in 1896;
• 1891: Oskar von Miller electrical transmission line
• 1891: Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway begins .
• 1891: Thomas Alva Edison presents the forerunner of today's film projectors, the kinetoscope , developed by William KL Dickson , to the public for the first time and applies for a patent for his invention .
• 1892: The astronomer Martin Brendel and the geographer Otto Baschin take the first known photographs of the northern lights .
• 1893: diesel engine ; Zipper
• 1893–1896: Nansen's Fram Expedition
• 1893: The first modern Ferris wheel in the world - Ferris Wheel - is used by George Washington Gale Ferris , an engineer for railway engineering and bridge in Pittsburgh , at the World's Fair in Chicago built 1,893th
• 1893: Charles C. Cretors invents the world's first popcorn machine , enabling large-scale popcorn production.
• 1894: Yersin isolates the plague bacillus
• 1894: Argon was discovered by Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay .
• 1894. The cave explorer Max Brunello discovers the Lurgrotte , Austria's largest water cave .
• 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen observes X-rays for the first time
• 1895: Screening of the Lumière brothers
• 1895: Helium was detected on earth by William Ramsay - 27 years after it was discovered spectometrically in the sun.
• 1895: The first bus line in the world with a petrol-powered bus (5 HP), used by the Netphener Omnibusgesellschaft , built by Carl Benz , starts operating between Deuz and Siegen .
• 1895: With the polar explorer Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink , the first person sets foot on the Antarctic mainland .
• 1895: The Russian physicist Alexander Stepanowitsch Popow uses a dipole antenna for the first time to receive electromagnetic waves . 50 years later , May 7th was declared “ Radio Day ” in the Soviet Union .
• 1895: Daniel David Palmer works as the first chiropractor . He corrects a displaced vertebra of a patient, which gives the latter back his hearing ability.
• 1895: The Linde process is developed by Carl von Linde .
• 1896: Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity .
• 1896: Gottlieb Daimler builds the first truck
• 1896, 1899: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, dream interpretation.
• 1897: The sociologist Émile Durkheim publishes his groundbreaking study The Suicide
• 1897: JJ Tomson discovers electrons and determines their mass, Braun discovers the cathode ray tube
• 1897: Felix Hoffmann produces aspirin for the first time . In the same year he synthesized diacetylmorphine ( heroin ).
• 1897: With the departure of the Belgica expedition from Antwerp to Antarctica , the " Golden Age of Antarctic Research " begins .
• 1898: Pierre and Marie Curie discover radium .
• 1898: Jonathan Zenneck makes the first attempts with wireless telegraphy on German soil in Cuxhaven and thus establishes marine radio .
• 1898: The last living specimen of the royal clothes bird is spotted in Hawaii.
• 1899: Guglielmo Marconi transmits across the English Channel .
• 1899: Women were officially admitted to the state examinations in medicine, dentistry and pharmacy in the German Reich for the first time, over 100 years after Dorothea Christiane Erxleben's death, the first woman in Germany to receive a doctorate in medicine. Medical students were first admitted to the universities of Prussia in the winter semester of 1908/1909.
• 1899: In a record run, the electrically powered La Jamais Contente by Frenchman Camille Jenatzy becomes the first land vehicle to reach speeds of over 100 km / h.

Sports

• I. Modern Olympic Games based on the example of the Munich Oktoberfest
• Foundation of several important sports and football clubs. Including Lazio Rome , Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club , FC Liverpool , Berlin Football Club Hertha 1892 (later: Hertha BSC ), CFC Genoa , FC Porto , FC Basel , Sparta Prague , Botafogo FR , CR Flamengo , VfB Leipzig , Aston Villa , Hannover 96 , FC Zurich , Juventus Turin , CR Vasco da Gama , BSC Young Boys , Athletic Bilbao , SK Rapid Vienna , FC Barcelona , AC Milan , Olympique Marseille and Werder Bremen .
• 1891: In London will be the first world championships in weightlifting held.
• 1891: Pierre Giffard of the Le Petit Journal newspaper organizes the Paris – Brest – Paris cycle race for the first time .

Image of the first basketball court from 1891

• 1891: The first basketball game takes place based on thirteen rules devised by James Naismith . On the initiative of Senda Berenson Abbott , the first women's basketball game takes place in 1893.
• 1891: The German Football and Cricket Association is founded. It was founded as an alternative to the Association of German Football Players , which, primarily at the instigation of the BFC Germania 1888, does not allow foreign (especially British) players and officials.
• 1892: William Heffelfinger is the first player to play an American football game for a sum of money .
• 1892: The Celtic Park stadium in Glasgow opens. In the opening game of the soccer players of defeat Celtic FC to FC Renton with 4: 3.
• 1892: The Liège – Bastogne – Liège race is held for the first time. It is therefore the oldest one-day race still held and is counted among the five so-called monuments of cycling .
• 1892: Siegbert Tarrasch uses the so-called Tarrasch trap in the Spanish game for the first time at a chess tournament in Dresden against Georg Marco .
• 1892: The first ski jumping competition takes place on Holmenkollen in Oslo . The Norwegian Arne Ustvedt wins with a jump of 21.5 meters.
• 1893: The Buffalo cycle track in Paris opens. Here Henri Desgrange sets the first hour record without a pacemaker. Also in May, Georges Cassignard set a new world record over 1 km with a standing start with 1:28 min.
• 1893: The endurance bike ride Vienna – Berlin ends with a victory for Bayern Josef Fischer . This most important German and Austrian bike race before the First World War triggered a boom in bicycles .
• 1893: At the track cycling world championships in 1893 the American Arthur Augustus Zimmerman becomes the first world champion over the 10 km and the sprint race. The South African Laurens Smitz Meintjes became the first world champion in the stand-up race .
• 1893: The Paris-Brussels cycle race is held for the first time.
• 1893: The European figure skating championships in 1893 lead to the first major judges scandal in history. The results are annulled in 1895.
• 1893: The boxing match Andy Bowen against Jack Burke remained without a winner after 110 rounds and 7 hours 19 minutes. It is the longest boxing match in history.
• 1893: The world's first female golf tournament takes place in Lytham St Annes . Lady Margaret Scott is the winner of the first British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship .
• 1894: Pierre de Coubertin founds the International Olympic Committee at the Olympic Congress in Paris with the aim of reviving the Olympic Games . He chose the week of the French derby , as this guaranteed the participation of many sports enthusiasts.
• 1894: The Montréal Amateur Athletic Association wins the first Stanley Cup without a challenger.
• 1894: Charles William Miller brings football to Brazil .
• 1894: The first race in motoring takes place on July 22nd as a reliability drive over 126 km from Paris to Rouen and back. 15 of the 121 registered vehicles reach their destination. The actual winner, Albert de Dion , was denied victory because his steam car is supposedly not “inexpensive” and “easy to use” (which does not apply to any of the participating vehicles). Therefore, de Dion is classified second.
• 1895: The first women's soccer match between England-North and England-South, organized on the initiative of Nettie Honeyball , ends 7-1.
• 1895: The Swiss Football Association is founded.
• 1895: William G. Morgan develops the game Mintonette as a gentler alternative to basketball invented in 1981 . Under the name volleyball , it will become a sport that is popular around the world in the next few years.
• 1895: In Newport , Rhode Iceland, the first time US Open in golf held. The winner is the Briton Horace Rawlins .
• 1896: The bike race around Berlin is held for the first time, it is considered the oldest " classic " of German road cycling. In the same year, the cycle race around Cologne is held for the first time.
• 1896: The Paris – Roubaix cycle race is held for the first time, the German Josef Fischer wins the first one. It is one of the most famous one-day races and is counted among the five so-called monuments of cycling .
• 1896: In Saint Petersburg the place first world championship in figure skating instead. The first winner in the competition, which was initially only designed for men, was the German Gilbert Fuchs .
• 1896: Spyridon Louis becomes Olympic champion in the first modern marathon in 2:58:50 hours.
• 1896: The first motorcycle race in the world is held on the Paris- Nantes- Paris route by eight participants .
• 1897: The Halensee in Berlin is the scene of the first German ice hockey game . The Academic Sports Club has the upper hand over a student team in a 2 × 20 minute game.
• 1897: The Boston Marathon is the first outside the Olympic Games organized marathon in sports. 15 athletes start in Boston .
• 1897: The first international chess tournament for women begins in London .
• 1898: Joshua Slocum is the first single-handed sailor to complete a circumnavigation of the world and arrives in Newport (Rhode Island) with his boat Spray after a three-year voyage .
• 1898: In a final of the American football teams of the University of Minnesota and Northwestern University that will Cheerleading born.

Visual arts

• 1890: In Auvers-sur-Oise the painter Vincent van Gogh fell into a real creative frenzy. In 70 days he created around 80 paintings and 60 drawings, including the church of Auvers , the white house at night , vase with cornflowers and poppies and a portrait of Dr. Gachet . He died there on July 29, 1890.
• 1892: The Munich Secession is founded. A painting exhibition by the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch opens in Berlin , which causes a scandal and leads to the foundation of the Berlin Secession in 1898 .
• 1893: The Scream by Edvard Munch
• 1895: The Monument aux Bourgeois de Calais by Auguste Rodin is in Calais inaugurated.
• 1897: Foundation of the Vienna Secession .
• 1897: Inauguration of the Kaiser Wilhelm I monument at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz .

literature

• 1890: Oscar Wilde's novel The Portrait of Dorian Gray appears for the first time in an issue of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine .
• 1892: The adventures of Sherlock Holmes , a collection of twelve short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle about the detective Sherlock Holmes, appears in Great Britain .
• 1893: Winnetou I by Karl May
• 1894: The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling
• 1894–1895: Theodor Fontane publishes his novel Effi Briest .
• 1895–1898: HG Wells publishes The Time Machine , The Invisible Man and The War of the Worlds .
• 1896: Only 1,000 copies of the first edition of Simplicissimus are sold.
• 1897: Bram Stoker publishes Dracula .

Music and theater

• 1890: The ballet Sleeping Beauty choreographed by Marius Petipa with music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky premiered at the Mariinsky Theater in Saint Petersburg.
• 1890: In Berlin, with Henrik Ibsen's supporters, the first theater performance of the Free Volksbühne , founded on May 23rd by Otto Brahm , Bruno Wille and others, takes place. Its aim is to enable socially and socially disadvantaged groups of the population to have access to education and cultural life.
• 1891: The Music Hall of New York (later Carnegie Hall ) is officially opened with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky .
• 1892: The ballet The Nutcracker by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky premiered in St. Petersburg.
• 1892: The Theater am Schiffbauerdamm opens as a private stage in Berlin .
• 1893: The Paris Olympia opens its large concert hall. The Music Hall is used by the great artists of the time and also for other events.
• 1893: Nine days before his death, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the world premiere of his Symphony No. 6 "Pathétique" in B minor in St. Petersburg .
• 1896: February 1 : The opera La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini with the libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa based on the novel Les scènes de la vie de bohème by Henri Murger has its first performance at the Teatro Regio in Turin under the direction of Arturo Toscanini . Cesira Ferrani sings the part of Mimì .
• 1896: The Theater des Westens opens in Berlin with the fairy tale play Thousand and One Nights .
• 1896: John Philip Sousa composes Stars and Stripes Forever , the secret US national anthem.

Movie

The Kinetoscope Parlor

Film strip from the Skladanowsky brothers' first film

• 1890: Monkeyshines , believed to be the first film to be made in the United States, is released. The director is William KL Dickson and the cameraman is William Heise .
• 1893: Thomas Edison opened in West Orange , in the state of New Jersey , the Black Maria , the first commercial film studio in the world. There he shows the public made films that are submitted by his assistant William Dickson to the Library of Congress for their copyright protection. Among others, Blacksmith Scene , which is considered to be the first film produced for commercial screenings.
• 1894: William Dickson films his assistant Fred Ott sneezing . On the one hand, this creates the first closeup picture. Fred Ott's Sneeze is also the oldest film registered with the United States Copyright Office and protected with a paper print.
• 1894: At New York's Broadway is the Kinetoscope Parlor of the Brothers Holland a precursor of cinema with ten developed by William Dickson for the inventor Thomas Alva Edison showcases for viewing films opened. The films, which can be up to 30 seconds long, can only be viewed by one person at a time. One of the first films to be shown at the opening is Blacksmith Scene, produced by Dickson last year .
• 1895: The world's first film screening takes place in front of a closed audience in Paris . A version of the film Workers Leaving the Lumière Works is shown .
• 1895: The world's first public film screening takes place in Berlin in the Varieté Wintergarten by the brothers Max and Emil Skladanowsky.
• 1896: In the Wilhelmshallen in Berlin , Unter den Linden 21, a film projection room of the German Cinematographic Society is opened. The projection room is considered the first cinema in Germany. The managing director is Gustav Schönwald .
• 1896: In the short film The Kiss it comes to the first kiss of film history between May Irwin and John C. Rice .
• 1898: With Tearing Down the Spanish Flag (director: J. Stuart Blackton ) the Vitagraph Company of America produces what is believed to be the first war film in film history.
• 1899: British director George Albert Smith , who is a member of the Brighton School , makes the short film The Kiss in the Tunnel . The film, in which the technique of the Phantom Ride is used for the first time , is also a homage to the film The Kiss from 1896.
• 1899: The silent film Cléopâtre by director Georges Méliès is one of the first horror films .
• 1899: The silent film King John by William KL Dickson is considered the first film with a Shakespeare theme.

society

• 1890: William Kemmler is the first person to be executed on the electric chair .
• 1892: The cholera epidemic in Hamburg in 1892 is the last major cholera outbreak in Germany.
• 1892: Émile Zola publishes the novel La Débâcle ( The Collapse ), which helps spread the word “ debacle ” in common parlance.
• 1892: Andrew and Abby Borden are found murdered with numerous ax blows in their Massachusetts home. The suspicion falls on her stepdaughter Lizzie Borden .
• 1892: While trying to rob two banks in Coffeyville , Kansas, the Dalton brothers are caught by a civic contingent and involved in a shootout. Four of the five bandits involved die; the survivor is later sentenced to life imprisonment.
• 1893: The only birth of a baby to date takes place in the White House in Washington, DC . US President Grover Cleveland and his wife Frances are happy to have their second daughter Esther .
• 1893: The Central European Time is introduced as the uniform time for all of Germany . From now on the same time applies from " Aachen to Königsberg ". The purpose is, among other things, the precise regulation of the railway timetable .
• 1894: Opening of the Reichstag building in Berlin by Kaiser Wilhelm II .
• 1894: In the British seaside resort of Blackpool is Blackpool Tower opened, one the model of the Paris Eiffel Tower oriented lattice tower . The tallest structure in the UK at the time is becoming a tourist attraction.
• 1894: The first striptease is professionally danced in the Divan Fayounau variety theater in Paris . The artist receives a fine for performing.
• 1895: Inauguration of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal by Kaiser Wilhelm II (today the Kiel Canal).
• 1895: The Automobile Club de France is the world's first traffic club in Paris .
• 1895: The author Oskar Panizza is sentenced to one year solitary confinement for blasphemy . His anti-Catholic grotesque The Love Council was a stumbling block for the Munich public prosecutor's office.
• 1895: Oscar Wilde is sentenced to two years in prison with hard physical labor for homosexual "fornication".
• 1895: In his will, Alfred Nobel orders the establishment of a prize for the categories of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and literature. In addition, each year someone should be honored who has worked especially for the fraternization of peoples, the abolition or reduction of armies and peace.
• 1896: The Glasgow Underground Railway (today: Glasgow Subway ) is opened as the third underground railway in the world .
• 1896: The first subway on the European continent now runs regularly in Budapest .
• 1896: George Carmack finds gold on the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory . The news triggers a gold rush less than a year later .
• 1896: In London , Bridget Driscoll becomes the first person to be killed in an automobile accident .
• 1897: Doctor John Harvey Kellogg has the patient serve corn flakes for the first time in his sanatorium in Battle Creek, Michigan , which he invented together with his brother Will Keith Kellogg .
• 1897: The New York Sun replied to Virginia O'Hanlon's question, “ Is there a Santa Claus? “Only after the author's death in 1906 does the newspaper announce that the editorial , which has been reprinted many times, was by Francis Pharcellus Church .
• 1897: Vienna has one more landmark: the Ferris wheel in the Prater begins its operation .
• 1899: The musician Konrad Büttgenbach invents the board game " Salta ", which was extremely popular before the First World War .
• 1899: In Sing Sing prison is Martha M. Place the first woman on the electric chair was executed.
• 1899: There is a severe famine in India , exacerbated by the policies of the British colonial rulers, and kills millions.

Personalities

• John Thompson , Prime Minister of Canada
• Sir Wilfrid Laurier , Prime Minister of Canada
• Franz Joseph I , Emperor in Austria-Hungary

Wilhelm II. (1859-1941)

• Wilhelm II , Emperor in the German Empire
• Leo von Caprivi , Chancellor of the German Empire
• Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst , Imperial Chancellor in the German Empire
• Umberto , king in Italy
• Leo XIII. , Pope
• Alexander III , Tsar in Russia
• Nicholas II , Tsar in Russia
• Félix Faure , President in France
• Victoria , Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• William Ewart Gladstone , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
• Benjamin Harrison , President of the United States
• Grover Cleveland , President of the United States
• William McKinley , President of the United States
• Meiji , emperor in Japan
• Guangxu , emperor in China
• Cixi , Dowager Empress of China
• Naser ad-Din Shah , Shah in Persia

Web links

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