Ernst Otto Fischer

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Signature of Ernst Otto Fischer

Ernst Otto Fischer (born November 10, 1918 in Solln , † July 23, 2007 in Munich ) was a German chemist . In 1952, he clarified the novel structure of ferrocene, which had been discovered a year earlier, and synthesized dibenzene chromium a few years later . Until Fischer's discovery, the chemistry of complexes of metals with hydrocarbons played only a minor role. Until then, publications on organometallic compounds mostly contained work on alkyl compounds of metals in the main groups such as cacodyl or Grignard compounds and on carbon monoxide compounds of the subgroup metals, the metal carbonyls . Even if coordinative complexes such as Zeise's salt have been known for a long time, Fischer's work is considered a milestone and the beginning of modern organometallic chemistry - today, over 80% of organometallic complexes such as ferrocene are cyclopentadienyl complexes.

In the 1960s he discovered a generally applicable method for the production of stable metal-carbene complexes that have a metal-carbon double bond and which are called Fischer carbenes in his honor . In the 1970s he synthesized the first metal-carbine complexes with a triple bond between carbon and the transition metal.

EO Fischer received numerous awards and was a member of many scientific academies. Together with Geoffrey Wilkinson , he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1973 for “groundbreaking, independently carried out work on the chemistry of organometallic sandwich compounds ” .

As successor to Walter Hieber , he headed the chair for inorganic chemistry at the Technical University of Munich for 21 years . Numerous industrial chemists and later professors emerged from his working group, known as the Fischer School .

Life

Ernst Otto Fischer was born as the third child of Karl Tobias Fischer , Professor of Physics at the Technical University of Munich, and Valentine Fischer, née Danzer. In 1937 he graduated from the humanistic Theresien-Gymnasium in Munich . He then did his basic military service and was deployed as an officer in Poland, France and Russia during World War II from 1939 to 1944. During a study holiday in the winter semester of 1941/42, fascinated by Walter Hieber's lectures on inorganic chemistry, instead of studying art history as planned, he began to study chemistry at the Technical University of Munich (now the Technical University of Munich, TUM). Injured in Russia during the war, he was released from American captivity at the end of the war in autumn 1945. After he and fellow students had made the institute in Arcisstrasse, which had been destroyed in the war, usable again, Fischer resumed his studies.

In 1949 he received his diploma with distinction and became a research assistant at Walter Hieber. In 1952 he was at Hieber in inorganic chemistry with the work about the mechanism of Kohlenoxydreaktion of nickel (II) - and cobalt (II) salts in the presence of dithionite and sulfoxylate doctorate . He had already been offered an offer to join a large chemical company when he became aware of the discovery of ferrocene through a Nature article in early 1952 and achieved his breakthrough as an academic scientist with his work on it. Two years later he completed his habilitation with a thesis on metal compounds of cyclopentadiene and indene at the TH Munich, where he was appointed dietitian the following year . In 1956 he spent several months abroad in the USA. In 1957 Fischer became an associate professor at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich (LMU). After a call to the Friedrich Schiller University Jena to succeed Franz Hein was rejected , he became a personal professor at the LMU in 1959. In the following year he turned down a call to professor for inorganic chemistry at the University of Marburg and instead followed his teacher Walter Hieber at the Technical University of Munich in 1964 at the chair for inorganic chemistry. Fischer held this position until his retirement in 1985. Wolfgang A. Herrmann (University of Frankfurt am Main), who later became President of the Technical University of Munich, was appointed as his successor . In 1969 he was Firestone Lecturer at the University of Wisconsin , in 1971 visiting professor at the University of Florida at Gainesville and first lecturer in inorganic chemistry at the Pacific West Coast section of the American Chemical Society . In 1973 he was Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Visiting Professor at the University of Rochester .

Fischer was co-founder (1964) and for decades the regional editor of the internationally renowned specialist journal " Journal of Organometallic Chemistry ". For many years he was involved in the main committee and senate of the German Research Foundation (DFG), in the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and in the board of trustees of the Deutsches Museum . As a humanist and based on his experiences during the National Socialist era, Fischer opposed patronizing research, but also political extremes. His argumentative, impulsive character often emerged. During the student riots in 1968 he quoted from the book Mein Kampf and the Mao Bible in the metal hydride lecture on "exorcising the devil" , urged the students to concentrate on science as a spiritual challenge and firmly opposed extremist students. In his lectures he not only attached importance to vivid experiments, but also made connections to the history of culture and literature, because he saw chemistry as a cultural achievement.

For Fischer, chemistry was his life. He made high demands on his students, in his opinion they should neither smoke nor get married. But he also knew how to inspire and cultivated close connections to his students, whom he regarded as his family. Fischer had a house in Leutasch , where he often invited his employees to go skiing.

Grave of Ernst Otto Fischer

Until his death, Fischer was the oldest living German Nobel Prize winner. Fischer was buried on July 26, 2007 in the family grave of his parents in the Solln cemetery.

Act

During his academic apprenticeship, he supervised more than 200 diploma students , doctoral students and postdocs in his research group . Many graduates have been appointed to professorships or have achieved important management positions in the chemical industry. Among them were PhD students u. a. Professors Henri Brunner , Karl Heinz Dötz , Alexander Filippou , H. Fischer (Konstanz), HP Fritz (TUM), Rainer Dietrich Fischer (Hamburg), Max Herberhold , Gerhard E. Herberich , Gottfried Huttner , Cornelius Gerhard Kreiter , Jörn Müller , Ulrich Schubert , Arnd Vogler , Helmut Werner , as postdocs Dietmar Seyferth and Robert Angelici , and as graduate student Wolfgang A. Herrmann, his later professor in Munich. The "Fischer School" is an outstanding example of "academic school education" as a core task of universities. Around 450 articles on organometallic compounds have been published by Fischer in the course of his research career, including more than 200 on aromatic-metal complexes. Fischer and his colleagues concentrated on the discovery of ever new organometallic compounds. His interest was only in basic research, but the implementation of the results in practice did not interest him.

Sandwich complexes

Close-up of ferrocene crystals

Fischer's first groundbreaking research was the structure determination of ferrocene after his father brought him to the attention of a publication in the journal Nature. Ferrocene, a chemically and thermally very stable compound, was discovered in 1951 by two research groups ( Tom J. Kealy and Peter L. Pauson at Duquesne University , and Samuel A. Miller, John A. Tebboth and John F. Tremaine at the British Oxygen Company ) independently discovered and described. Shortly after their publications, Geoffrey Wilkinson and Robert B. Woodward at Harvard University postulated in 1952 on the basis of the infrared data (only one CH oscillation, i.e. only one type of carbon-hydrogen bond in the cyclopentadienyl ring) and the diamagnetism found for the substance a sandwich structure unknown up to this point. Fischer too quickly doubted the structure indicated by the discoverers with a single bond between iron and a carbon atom. Using X-ray crystal structure analysis , he was able to confirm the sandwich structure together with Wolfgang Pfab (later at BASF) in Munich and - independently of that - Philip Frank Eiland and Ray Pepinsky at the Pennsylvania State College in 1952.

This novel sandwich structure was so revolutionary that it was only through the later development of the molecular orbital theory (MO theory) that it was possible to explain both the structure and the stability of the ferrocene in a model. Almost as if in a sporting competition, a dozen new biscyclopentadienyl complexes of other transition metals and their derivatives were synthesized in the two working groups around Ernst Otto Fischer in Munich and Geoffrey Wilkinson in Harvard over the next two years. In his research on organometallic chemistry, he and his students later also faced “sharp, at times bitter” competition with Geoffrey Wilkinson and his group. With cobaltocene and nickelocene , Fischer represented the metallocenes of the neighboring elements. From 1954, the representation of the so-called half sandwich complexes followed .

Dibenzene chrome

Fischer laid the basis for the later Nobel Prize in 1955 together with his doctoral students Walter Hafner and Erwin Weiss through the synthesis and structural elucidation of dibenzene chromium , a substance whose existence Fischer postulated solely on the basis of theoretical considerations. Through this connection, in which two neutral benzene rings are formally connected to an uncharged chromium atom, Fischer was able to prove that the sandwich complexes are a new class of compounds in organometallic chemistry.

In 1973, Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson ( Imperial College London ) received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their independent pioneering work on the chemistry of the so-called organometallic sandwich compounds .

“… This is the most essential part of Fischer's and Wilkinson's work: the establishment of the new sandwich compound. They did not prepare the first sandwich but they were the first to grasp the odd nature of the compound and its conceptual importance. … ”

“... That is the essential part of Fischer and Wilkinson's work: establishing the new sandwich connection. They didn't make the first sandwich, but they were the first to understand the unusual nature of the compound and its conceptual significance. ... "

- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences : Press Release: The 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

In the laudation at the award of the Nobel Prize, Ingvar Lindqvist also said to Fischer in German:

“The discoveries of completely new principles of chemical bonding and structure have always been great moments in the history of chemistry. You made an excellent contribution to such a discovery. I bring you the warmest congratulations from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. "

- Ingvar Lindqvist : Award Ceremony Speech

Through the pioneering work of Ernst Otto Fischer and his colleagues, the image of the chemical bond changed fundamentally. Inspired by his highly regarded research work on the chemistry of the metal-carbon bond in its numerous variants, the organometallic chemistry spread to practically all research laboratories in the world. The sandwich connections were also of great importance for various applications, but Fischer himself did not care about them, but concentrated on basic research. At the end of the 1950s, his students Walter Hafner and Reinhard Jira achieved a major breakthrough in the application of organometallic chemistry in an industrial process with the development of the Wacker-Hoechst process, as did the work of Karl Ziegler and others in the 1950s contributed to a great boom in organometallic chemistry.

Metallocene types for polymerization reactions

The most important application for sandwich complexes and their derivatives today is as polymerization catalysts for the production of polyolefins. In 1980 Hansjörg Sinn and Walter Kaminsky developed the catalytic polymerization of ethylene and propylene with so-called Kaminsky catalysts , a mixture of metallocene dihalides (type 1) with methylaluminoxane (MAO), which have a very high productivity. Ansa-metallocenes of type 2 provide polypropylene with a strictly isotactic arrangement. Magnesocene and the biscyclopentadienyl compounds of calcium and strontium can be used as a polymerization catalyst, for. B. for methacrylic acid methyl ester (MMA) can be used.

Metal carbene and carbine complexes (Fischer carbenes)

In addition to researching the sandwich complexes, Fischer also did pioneering work in other areas of organometallic chemistry. Carbenes of the general structure CX 2 were known in organic chemistry as highly reactive, short-lived species, often postulated only as a transition stage, of divalent carbon. It was not until the 1960s that carbenes could be detected and characterized spectroscopically.

It was all the more surprising that in 1964 Fischer, together with Alfred Maasböl, was able to report on the synthesis of the first stable representative of the previously unknown compound class of metal carbenes, a metal complex with a metal-carbon double bond . Components of this type of compound discovered by Fischer are now called Fischer carbenes in his honor . The Fischer carbenes developed into valuable synthesis building blocks for organic chemistry, for example in the Dötz reaction .

Many new metal complexes of this type were synthesized after Fischer's discovery. Fischer himself published over 50 papers on this topic between 1964 and 1973; other working groups such as those of Richard Royce Schrock , Michael Lappert and Josef Chatt took up the topic. In 1975, Schrock produced carbene complexes of niobium and tantalum, which are significantly more reactive than Fischer carbenes . Schrock carbenes have since been used in a number of large-scale chemical processes, e.g. B. used as a Tebbe reagent for the methylenation (introduction of a methylene group ) of ketones or as a Grubbs catalyst in olefin metathesis . Wolfgang A. Herrmann presented the first carbene complex with a bridging carbene ligand.

In 1973, when the Nobel Prize was awarded, he and his doctoral student Gerhard Kreis discovered the first metal carbine, a metal complex with a metal-carbon triple bond . This discovery later led to the mechanistic understanding of important industrial catalytic processes such as olefin metathesis .

Honors, awards, memberships

Ernst Otto Fischer received numerous honors and awards in the course of his life.

20 euro commemorative coin for the 100th birthday of Ernst Otto Fischer
Postage stamp from Deutsche Post AG on the 100th birthday of Ernst Otto Fischer

In 2010, the Technical University of Munich introduced the Ernst Otto Fischer Teaching Award as a special award for excellent teaching achievements and named "Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße" after him on the Garching Research Campus, where he worked. In honor of Ernst Otto Fischer, an annual Bavarian teacher training course started in October 2012 at the Aventinus-Gymnasium in Burghausen, the "E.-O.-Fischer-Seminar". All Bavarian chemistry teachers have the opportunity to listen to lectures by professors at the Technical University of Munich on current topics in chemistry for a weekend. On the occasion of its centenary, in October 2018 the Federal Republic of Germany issued a 20 euro commemorative coin made of sterling silver with a model of the dibenzene chrome discovered by Fischer and the inscription NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN ARE Neither good nor bad. By Deutsche Post AG , a postage stamp was issued with a nominal value of 70 euro cents also the 100th birthday. The first day of issue was November 2, 2018. The design was made by graphic artist Thomas Meyer from Berlin.

literature

  • Obituaries for Ernst Otto Fischer:
    • Wolfgang A. Herrmann, in: Nature . Volume 449, 2007, p. 156, doi: 10.1038 / 449156a .
    • Wolfgang A. Herrmann, in: Angew. Chem. Internat. Edit. Engl. Volume 46, 2007, pp. 6578-6579, doi: 10.1002 / anie.200703517 .
    • Wolfgang A. Herrmann, in: Nachr. Chem. (Weinheim). Volume 55, 2007, p. 897 (online)
    • Wolfgang A. Herrmann: Incitatus Chimiae, fiery spur of chemistry - obituary for Ernst Otto Fischer. In: TUM - Mitteilungen Techn. Univ. Munich. No. 4, 2007, pp. 74-75 ( digitized online ).
    • Günter R. Sienel: Nobel Prize Winner Ernst Otto Fischer, Sollner Hefte 61, Inma-Verlag, Munich 2010.
  • Wolfgang A. Herrmann: From iron sandwich to carbene and carbine complexes, in: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, 41st Jg. (1988), pp. 442-448.
  • Wolfgang A. Herrmann, in: Jahrhundert-Münchner. A1 Verlag, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-927743-53-4 , pp. 55-57.
  • Wolfgang A. Herrmann: Mediator between chemical worlds, aesthetes of sciences, and man of Bavaria: Ernst Otto Fischer . In: Journal of Organometallic Chemistry . tape 684 , no. 1–2 , 2003, pp. 1-5 , doi : 10.1016 / S0022-328X (03) 00715-0 .
  • Wolfgang A. Herrmann: Dibenzechromium: Chemistry only for Chemists? In: Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry . tape 638 , no. 9 , 2012, p. 1245-1247 , doi : 10.1002 / zaac.201210011 .
  • KH Dötz, H. Fischer, P. Hofmann, FR Kreißl, U. Schubert, K. Weiss: Transition Metal Carbene Complexes. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1983, ISBN 0-89573-073-1 . (Dedicated to Ernst Otto Fischer on the occasion of his 65th birthday)
  • H. Fischer, P. Hofmann, FR Kreißl, RR Schrock, U. Schubert, K. Weiss: Carbyne Complexes. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim 1988, ISBN 3-527-26948-7 . (Dedicated to Ernst Otto Fischer on the occasion of his 70th birthday)
  • FR Kreißl (Ed.): Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht / Boston / London 1993, ISBN 0-7923-2212-6 .

Works (selection)

  • EO Fischer, W. Pfab: Cyclopentadiene metal complexes, a new type of organometallic compounds. In: Journal of Nature Research B . 7, 1952, pp. 377-379 ( PDF , free full text).
  • EO Fischer, W. Hafner: Di-benzene-chrom. About Aromatenkomplexe of metals I. In: Journal of Nature Research B . 10, 1955, pp. 665–668 ( PDF , free full text).
  • Ernst Otto Fischer: On the Road to Carbene and Carbyne Complexes. (PDF) In: Nobelprice.org. Retrieved September 30, 2018 .
  • Ernst Otto Fischer, Helmut Werner: Metal π complexes with di- and oligoolefinic ligands. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1963, DNB 451277872 .
  • EO Fischer, A. Maasböl: On the question of a tungsten-carbonyl-carbene complex. In: Angewandte Chemie. Volume 76, 1964, p. 645.
  • Ernst Otto Fischer, Gerhard Kreis, Cornelius G. Kreiter, Jörn Müller, Gottfried Huttner, Hans Lorenz: trans-halogeno-alkyl (aryl) carbine-tetracarbonyl complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten - a new type of compound with a transition metal-carbon triple bond . In: Angew. Chemistry. Volume 85, 1973, pp. 618-620.

Web links

Commons : Ernst Otto Fischer  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Entry on cyclopentadienyl. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on June 8, 2014.
  2. ^ A b E. O. Fischer, A. Maasböl: On the question of a tungsten-carbonyl-carbene complex . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 76 , no. 14 , July 21, 1964, pp. 645 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.19640761405 .
  3. ↑ a b Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1973, accessed December 28, 2011 .
  4. ↑ a b c d J.-P. Adloff, George B. Kauffman : Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007), Organometallic Pioneer Extraordinaire . ( nobel-centre.com [PDF]).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Wolfgang A. Herrmann: Adventure research. (PDF) Ernst Otto Fischer on his 70th birthday. In: TUM-Mitteilungen. Technical University of Munich, January 1988, p. 27ff , accessed on May 11, 2018 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Wolfgang A. Herrmann: Ernst Otto Fischer. (PDF) 85 years. In: TUM-Mitteilungen 2-03 / 04. Technical University of Munich, 2003, pp. 43–44 , accessed on May 13, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Werner, History of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley 2017, p. 72.
  8. ↑ Life data, publications and academic family tree of Ernst Otto Fischer at academictree.org, accessed on February 6, 2018.
  9. ↑ Helmut Werner, History of Inorganic Chemistry , Wiley-VCH 2017, p. 71ff.
  10. ↑ a b Wolfgang Herrmann, Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007) , Nachrichten aus der Chemie, Volume 55, 2007, p. 897.
  11. ^ Heinrich Nöth : Ernst Otto Fischer, November 10 , 1918 - July 26 , 2007 , Bavarian Academy of Sciences - Yearbook 2007, p. 162, (obituary, PDF; 120 kB)
  12. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang A. Herrmann: Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007) . In: Nature . tape 449 , no. 7159 , September 2007, p. 156 , doi : 10.1038 / 449156a (English).
  13. ^ TJ Kealy, PL Pauson: A New Type of Organo-Iron Compound . In: Nature . tape 168 , no. 4285 , 1951, pp. 1039-1040 , doi : 10.1038 / 1681039b0 .
  14. ↑ Samuel A. Miller, John A. Tebboth, John F. Tremaine: Dicyclopentadienyliron . In: J. Chem. Soc. 1952, p. 632-635 , doi : 10.1039 / JR9520000632 .
  15. ^ Peter L. Pauson: Ferrocene — how it all began. In: J. Organomet. Chem. 2001, 637-639. Pp. 3-6; (PDF, 103 kB) .
  16. ↑ Geoffrey Wilkinson, M. Rosenblum, MC Whiting, RB Woodward: The Structure of Iron Bis-cyclopentadienyl . In: JA Chem. Soc. 1952, p. 2125–2126 , doi : 10.1021 / ja01128a527 .
  17. ↑ EO Fischer: Cyclopentadiene metal complexes, a new type of organometallic compounds. In: Journal of Nature Research B . 7, 1952, pp. 377-379 ( PDF , free full text).
  18. ^ PF Eiland, R. Pepinsky: X-ray Examination of Iron Biscyclopentadienyl . In: J. Am. Chem. Soc. tape 74 , no. 19 , 1952, pp. 4971 , doi : 10.1021 / ja01139a527 .
  19. ^ Pierre Laszlo, Roald Hoffmann: Ferrocene: an objective story or a Rashomon story? In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 112 , no. 1 , 2000, pp. 127-128 , doi : 10.1002 / (SICI) 1521-3757 (20000103) 112: 1 <127 :: AID-ANGE127> 3.0.CO; 2-2 .
  20. ^ J. Dunitz, L. Orgel, A. Rich: The crystal structure of ferrocene . In: Acta Crystallographica . tape 9 , no. 4 , 1956, pp. 373-375 , doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X56001091 .
  21. ^ RC Mehrotra, A. Singh: Organometallic Chemistry: A Unified Approach . 2nd Edition. New Age International, New Delhi 2007, ISBN 978-81-224-1258-1 ( pages 261-267 in the Google book search).
  22. ↑ EO Fischer, R. Jira: Di-cyclopentadienyl-nickel. In: Journal of Nature Research B . 8, 1953, pp. 217-219 ( PDF , free full text).
  23. ^ EO Fischer, R. Jira: Di-cyclopentadienyl-cobalt (II). In: Journal of Nature Research B . 8, 1953, pp. 327-328 ( online ).
  24. ↑ Konstantin A. Lyssenko, Alexander A. Korlyukov, Denis G. Golovanov, Sergey Yu. Ketkov, Mikhail Yu. Antipin: Estimation of the Barrier to Rotation of Benzene in the (η 6 -C 6 H 6 ) Cr Crystal via Topological Analysis of the Electron Density Distribution Function . In: Journal of Physical Chemistry A . tape 110 , no. May 20 , 2006, p. 6545–6551 , doi : 10.1021 / jp057516v (English).
  25. ↑ Helmut Werner: 60 years (and more) Ferrocene: The discovery and rediscovery of sandwich complexes . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 124 , no. 25 , 2012, p. 6156–6162 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.201201598 .
  26. ↑ a b E. O. Fischer, W. Hafner: Di-benzene-chrome, About Aromatenkomplexe of metals I. In: Journal of Nature Research B . 10, 1955, pp. 665–668 ( PDF , free full text).
  27. ↑ EO Fischer, W. Hafner: About aromatic complexes of metals. III. To represent the di-benzene-chromium . In: Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry . tape 286 , no. 3-4 , July 1956, pp. 146-148 , doi : 10.1002 / zaac.19562860306 .
  28. ↑ E. Weiss, EO Fischer: About aromatic complexes of metals. II. On the crystal structure and molecular shape of di-benzene-chromium (0) . In: Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry . tape 286 , no. 3-4 , July 1956, pp. 142-145 , doi : 10.1002 / zaac.19562860305 .
  29. ^ Award Ceremony Speech. In: nobelprize.org. 1973, accessed July 9, 2018 .
  30. ↑ Michael Aulbach, Frank Küber: Metallocene - tailor-made tools for the production of polyolefins . In: Chemistry in Our Time . tape 28 , no. 4 , 1997, p. 197-208 , doi : 10.1002 / ciuz.19940280410 .
  31. ↑ Hansjörg Sinn, Walter Kaminsky, Hans-Jürgen Vollmer, Rüdiger Woldt: “Living Polymers” in Ziegler catalysts of extreme productivity . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 92 , no. 5 , 1980, pp. 396-402 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.19800920517 .
  32. ↑ Walter Kaminsky, Klaus Külper, Hans H. Brintzinger, Ferdinand RWP Wild: Polymerization of propene and butene with a chiral zirconocene and methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst . In: Angewandte Chemie . tape 97 , no. 6 , 1985, pp. 507-508 , doi : 10.1002 / anie.19850970617 .
  33. ↑ Alexandra Steffens: Alkaline earth metal complexes for the polymerization of polar monomers , dissertation, 2005 (PDF; 3.5 MB).
  34. ↑ Armin de Meijere, Heiko Schirmer, Michael Duetsch: Fischer Carbene Complexes as Chemical Multitalents: The Incredible Range of Products from Carbenepentacarbonylmetal α, β ‐ Unsaturated Complexes. In: Angewandte Chemie. International Edition 39.22 (2000), pp. 3964-4002.
  35. ^ Richard R. Schrock: Alkylidene complexes of niobium and tantalum . In: Accounts of Chemical Research . tape 12 , no. 3 , March 1979, p. 98-104 , doi : 10.1021 / ar50135a004 (English).
  36. ^ List of the chemistry prize winners of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  37. ^ Holder of the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  38. ↑ Portrait of Ernst Otto Fischer on the website of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , accessed on May 31, 2018.
  39. ↑ a b c d e f g Portrait of Ernst Otto Fischer on the Leopoldina page ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  40. ↑ Ernst Otto Fischer - Biographical. In: nobelprize.org. Nobel Media, accessed July 10, 2018 .
  41. ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973 on the page of the Nobel Prize Committee ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  42. ^ List of Honorary Graduates from the University of Strathclyde ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  43. ^ List of honorary doctorates from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  44. ^ Entry by Ernst Otto Fischer on the website of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , accessed on May 31, 2018.
  45. ^ List of the bearers of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  46. ^ List of honorary members of the GDCh ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  47. ^ List of the corresponding members of the North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences and Arts ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  48. ↑ List of the bearers of the Golden Medal of Honor of the City of Munich , accessed on May 31, 2018.
  49. ^ List of the bearers of the Poetentaler on the page of the Munich tower scribe ; accessed on May 31, 2018.
  50. ^ TUM - Teaching TU Munich: Ernst Otto Fischer Teaching Prize. In: lehren.tum.de. November 10, 1918. Retrieved May 13, 2018 .
  51. ↑ EOFischer Seminar - Aventinus Gymnasium Burghausen. In: aventinus-gymnasium.de. July 4, 2011, accessed October 6, 2018 .
  52. ↑ publisher: 20 euro commemorative coin “100. Birthday of Ernst Otto Fischer “- Federal Ministry of Finance - Press. In: bundesfinanzministerium.de. November 22, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2018 .
  53. ^ Publisher: 100th birthday of Ernst Otto Fischer - Federal Ministry of Finance - Topics. In: bundesfinanzministerium.de. November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
personal data
SURNAME Fischer, Ernst Otto
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German chemist
DATE OF BIRTH November 10, 1918
PLACE OF BIRTH Should
DATE OF DEATH July 23, 2007
Place of death Munich
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on October 19, 2018 .