Makassar Airport
Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport (Makassar) |
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|---|---|
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|
| Characteristics | |
| ICAO code | WAAA |
| IATA code | UPG |
| Coordinates | |
| Height above MSL | 14 m (46 ft ) |
| Transport links | |
| Distance from the city center | 20 km northeast of Makassar |
| Street | Country road; Expressway |
| Local transport | buses |
| Basic data | |
| opening | 1935 |
| operator | PT Angkasa Pura I. |
| surface | 818 ha |
| Terminals | 2 |
| Passengers | 13,537,770 (2018) |
| Air freight | 93,818 t (2018) |
| Flight movements |
135,050 (2018) |
| Capacity ( PAX per year) |
7 million |
| Runways | |
| 03/21 (new) | 3100 m × 45 m asphalt |
| 13/31 (old) | 2500 m × 45 m asphalt |
The international airport Sultan Hasanuddin ( Indonesian Bandara Internasional Sultan Hasanuddin , IATA : UPG , ICAO : WAAA ), also called Mandai , is located around 20 kilometers northeast of the Indonesian metropolis of Makassar , the capital of the province of South Sulawesi . Makassar Airport is Indonesia's second largest airport in terms of area after Jakarta / Soekarno-Hatta Airport and operates 24 hours a day. This most important airport in East Indonesia is served by almost all Indonesian airlines and is the third hub for the state airline Garuda Indonesia after Jakarta / Soekarno Hatta and Ngurah Rai- Denpasar. In international traffic, Mandai-Makassar Airport (UPG) is the official second entry airport in Indonesia after Cengkareng-Jakarta (CGK), while Denpasar-Bali Airport (DPS) is the third special entry airport due to its tourist importance. It is one of five major airports that have been designated by the Indonesian government for the Open Skies agreement that will apply within ASEAN from 2015 .
fees
For domestic and international flights (with the exception of intermediate flights), passengers are charged an airport fee in cash prior to customs control. This is currently 50,000 rupiah per person for domestic flights and 150,000 rupiah for international flights. (10,000 rupiah = approx. 0.67 euros, as of May 2017)
The bus ride with the state bus company (DAMRI) costs 30,000 rupiah per person from the city center to the airport terminal, while a taxi ride costs around 100,000 rupiah.
Location and transport links
The airport area is located around 20 kilometers northeast of the city center of Makassar, in the border area with the neighboring district of Maros . It can be reached in around 15 minutes (17 km) on the expressway and in around 25 minutes (23 km) on the country road. Rice fields and isolated settlements shape the area. The foothills of a mountain range end only 10 kilometers east of the airport boundary. The airport itself is located in a low plain at a height of 14 meters above sea level, less than eight kilometers from the coast to the Strait of Makassar .
The multi-lane country road later bundles up from the city center of Makassar to the city of Maros north of the airport and passes the north-western airport fence. An airport access road leads from this traffic axis to the passenger building. The terminal itself is only connected to the public transport network by taxis and minibuses. A shuttle bus also connects it to the country road, on which regular buses run.
The toll , motorway-like expressway from Makassar city center to the airport was built and operated by a subsidiary (PT Jalan Tol Seksi Empat - JTSE) of the local large company Bosowa . The multi-lane 11.5 kilometer long road leads past an exit of the already existing Makassar bypass in an industrial area near the port to the airport. In the later final expansion stage, it should lead to the large city of Maros to the north . The new traffic connection has significantly reduced the travel time between the city and the airport, as the four-lane country road was the only traffic connection that was congested until then.
Since the traffic junction at the entrance to the airport access road was very dense and the flight plan was affected by this, the government built a connecting ramp or motorway junction there in 2017 . The railway connection between Makassar and Pare-Pare , which is in the initial construction phase, is to have a stop here.
history
Operating phase in colonial times
In 1935 the Dutch colonial government of Sulawesi decided to build an airfield on the site of what is now the old terminal. The former airfield with a 1600 m long grass runway (runway 08-26) went into operation on September 27, 1937 and was named Airfield Kadieng ( Lapangan Terbang Kadieng ). The Dutch-Indian airline KNILM (Koninklijke Nederlandsch-Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij), the predecessor of today's Garuda Indonesia , carried out the first commercial flight with a Douglas DC-2 / F6. This led from Makassar to Surabaya on the island of Java .
During the Second World War in 1942, the Japanese occupation government had the runway concreted over its full length in order to develop the airfield into an air base for the Japanese air forces. This one also renamed the Mandai Airfield ( Mandai Airfield ). From November 7, 1944 to July 3, 1945, Allied air squadrons bombed the military airfield.
In 1945 the Dutch colonial government built a second 1745 meter long runway in a different orientation (runway 13-31) with 4,000 forced laborers who were formerly exploited by the Japanese (Romusha).
Farewell to Colonel Giebel, KNIL , on the Mandai airfield (1946)
Skyways International DC-3 at Mandai Airfield (1948)
Cees Taillie posed in front of a Douglas DC-3 on Mandai Airfield (1949)
Operational phase in independent Indonesia
After Indonesia's independence in 1955, the Civil Aviation Office extended the new runway to 2,345 m and renamed it Mandai Airport ( Pelabuhan Udara Mandai ). 25 years later it was expanded to the current dimensions of 2500 m long and 45 m wide and the civil airport was renamed Hasanuddin Airport ( Pelabuhan Udara Hasanuddin ). A year later, in 1981, the airport was declared as an entry / exit airport for the Muslim pilgrimage (Hajj season).
In 1985 the airport was renamed Bandar Udara Hasanuddin, or Bandara Hasanuddin for short, after the new Indonesian term for airport .
Since 1992 the airport fire brigade has had two modern fire engines from the Austrian manufacturer Rosenbauer , in addition to two other vehicles.
Since January 1, 1993, the state airport operator PT (Persero) Angkasa Pura I has been responsible for the operation of the airport.
At the end of 1994 UPG received the status of an international airport ( Bandar Udara International Hasanuddin ), and in January of the following year Malaysia Airlines operated the first international scheduled flight. The Singaporean Silk Air soon followed with non-stop flights to Singapore . In connection with the Muslim Hajj pilgrimages, the first flight to destinations outside Indonesia was carried out as early as 1990. Since then, wide-body aircraft have been flying the route to Jeddah in the Hajj season without stopping.
Operating phase in the 21st century
Old airport facility
In 2004 the airport company ran a massive expansion program in the wake of the rapid growth in passenger numbers since the beginning of the new millennium. Domestic and international flights were then handled in two separate areas of the passenger building. The parallel runway, only around 900 meters long, was the biggest obstacle to increasing the capacity of the aircraft. It could not be extended to the full length of the old main runway because the old tower and the surrounding buildings would have to be relocated. In regular operation, all aircraft started westwards, towards the coast, in order to keep the flight movement capacity at a high level, because this was already restricted by the too short taxiway. Therefore, all aircraft taking off had to perform a 180 ° turn at the eastern end of the runway in order to get into take-off position. Some landing machines also had to roll out to the end of the runway and turn around in order to get to the apron. The approach to the old main runway from the east posed some difficulties and was even considered notorious for many flight captains, as you had to make a sharp left turn due to several hills shortly before touching down on the runway. The approach from the north, with a swiveling right-hand bend, harbored many dangers because of the mountains and hills there. Outside of regular operations, more safe approaches were made from the west.
In 2005, the old main slope was given a new asphalt pavement over almost its entire length . That year the operating company Angkasa Pura I bought all the land rights necessary for the new runway ; the few people who lived there were relocated. In July 2005 the already completed new control tower was put into operation. This also served the Indonesian air traffic control as Makassar Advanced Air Traffic Services (MAATS) and controls the so-called flight information area (FIR) Ujung Pandang, which is a merger of the previous flight information areas of Makassar (Ujung Pandang) and Bali and covers the central and eastern part of Indonesia. The company was operated by PT. Angkasa Pura II managed.
Approach to the old passenger building (2006)
The old passenger building with a Toraja-like roof (2006)
Check-in hall in the old passenger building (2006)
Waiting room in the old passenger building (2006)
Waiting lounge in the old passenger building (2006)
Baggage claim belts in the arrival hall of the old passenger building (2006)
Lion Air MD-82 in front of the old tower (2006)
New airport facility
In spring 2008, the Indonesian Air Force put a new hangar into operation. This can accommodate up to six of the Sukhoi Su-27 fighter aircraft due for delivery . The new terminal building went into operation on August 4th of the same year. The first aircraft to be handled at the new terminal included two flights from Lion Air and Garuda Indonesia to Jakarta. The planes were initially to use the old runway, which was connected to the new passenger building via the new taxiway and its extension. The new terminal building was originally scheduled to open at the end of July 2007. After delays, especially in equipping the terminal, the official opening was estimated for August 17, 2008, Indonesia's independence day. The construction costs of the complete expansion of the Makassar airport amounted to around 1.3 trillion rupiah . The expansion was carried out by an Indonesian consortium with exclusively Indonesian workers. A French construction company estimated three times the amount of money for the construction. At the request of the provincial government of South Sulawesi , the airport was given its current full name, Bandar Udara International Sultan Hasanuddin, or Bandara International Sultan Hasanuddin for short .
The new passenger building (2009)
A Pinisi model in the passenger building (2009)
Passenger building transit counter (2009)
Immigration desk in the passenger building (2009)
Moving walkway in departure area (2009)
Signpost of the passenger building (2009)
Flight information screen (2009)
The new runway (runway 03-21) was completed in early 2010. This makes Sultan Hasanuddin the second airport in Indonesia with two runways and the only one with crossed runways, but the shorter old runway is only rarely used except for military purposes. In mid-2011, the provincial government of South Sulawesi applied for a Boeing B-747 to be allowed to take off and land at the airport. In 2011 the number of passengers was 7,455,408; thus the capacity of the new passenger building has already been exceeded five years after its completion.
Airport facility
The 818 hectare airport area includes the old and new airport grounds. On the north side are the old passenger building (terminal) and the old runway . About 1.7 kilometers south of the old passenger building, in the direction of the cross of the old main runway, adjacent to the old airport area, is the new airport area including the control tower of the Indonesian air traffic control .
The old airport facility
Runways
The 2500 m long and 45 m wide old main runway or the second runway built (runway 13-31) runs in an east-west direction. No longer in operation, the first built runway (runway 08-26) is used as a runway used (taxiway) and as a storage area. It crosses the main runway in the middle and runs in a northeast-southwest direction. All four major taxiways are spelled; For better understanding, the letter is extended to a name: Taxiways Alpha (158 × 23 m), Bravo (217 × 26 m), Charly (800 × 23 m) and Parallel (968 × 23 m).
Passenger building
The old main dispatch building is located east of the old main apron. The access road to the old terminal branches off from a country road between Makassar and Maros . Next to the old main terminal there is a seasonally operated passenger building for Hajj flights to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and the only cargo terminal with a storage area of 4,000 m². The apron of the old passenger building extends between the two old runways, perpendicular to the old main runway. It is 69,147 m² and offers space for 16 aircraft in two different occupancy variants. Three aircraft parking positions are designed for wide-body aircraft up to the size of a Boeing MD-11 . In the triangular area between the two old runways and the old main apron are among other things the old red and white control tower , the kerosene storage and the only guard of the airport fire brigade . There are various plans for this old facility, including as a cargo handling building and maintenance hangar .
use
Nowadays the Indonesian Air Force use the old airport area as an air base for a so-called Squadron 11 with several fighter planes of the type A-4 Skyhawk , Sukhoi Su-27 and Sukhoi Su-30 . The military facilities are located to the right and left of the taxiway or the first runway (runway 08-26). This includes the two aircraft shelters and two of the three hangars .
The new airport facility
Runways
The new runway , which extends perpendicular to the old main runway , was completed in early 2010, around a year and a half after the new passenger building. With the opening of the new runway (runway 03-21), 3100 meters long and 45 meters wide, landing aircraft can use two high-speed taxiways to leave the runway. Eight new taxiways have been added to the four old taxiways, with similar names: Taxiways Delta (385 × 23 m), Echo (335 × 23 m), Foxtrot (335 × 23 m), Hotel (127.5 × 23 m), India (204 × 23 m), Juliet (1990 × 45 m), South Parallel (945 × 23 m) and West Parallel (3100 × 23 m).
Passenger building
The new passenger building with a capacity of 7 million passengers per year consists of an elongated, two-story building hose. The building structure consists of several units so that it can be expanded later by adding more units. The roof structure consists of several barrel roofs (arched roof), which alternately taper towards the apron or the approach road and thus adopt the trapezoidal floor plan. The building architecture is post-modern with the roof structure, which is strongly oriented towards rounded or wavy forms, which symbolizes the maritime philosophy of life of the main residents of the Buginese and Macassars . In the middle building unit, the roof has a taper ( cantilever beam), which is supposed to remind of the roof structure of the Toraja . Furthermore, the ceiling painting shows a typical ornament of the Mandarese . The 51,000 m² passenger building is initially equipped with six glass passenger boarding bridges . Two of the six aircraft parking positions near the building are designed for aircraft up to the size of a B747 . In order to keep the construction costs low, it was decided to accommodate both the baggage check-in facilities for departing passengers and the baggage claim hall for arriving passengers on the same level, the ground floor. Only the waiting areas and their catering and retail facilities are located on a second building level above. The check-in area is located in the northern part of the building and is equipped with three check-in islands (several check-in counters ). Arriving passengers can collect their luggage on four baggage claim belts in the southern part of the building. The hall can be subdivided with a partition to create a separate, international arrival area in the event that international flights should increase.
Expansion planning
Since a B747-400 cannot take off and land on the new runway with its maximum loading capacity, it was extended by 400 meters to a length of 3500 meters from 2012. The capacity of the passenger building is currently being doubled in order to meet the expected increase in the annual number of passengers to around 13 million within the next five years. In addition, as part of the development of flight movements (200 flights a day) , the airline Garuda plans to build maintenance hangars for aircraft with an estimated construction cost of 2 to 4 million US dollars.
Since February 2019 the passenger building has been expanded from 51,000 m² to three times the size of around 150,000 m². It is expected to have a capacity of 15.5 million passengers per year upon completion in April 2021.
Hotel complex
Since the beginning of 2014 there has been a hotel complex with 121 rooms directly at the airport for transit passengers, which is marketed jointly by the operating company and the hotel provider Accor under the name "Hotel Ibis Budget".
Air traffic control
The new control tower, which also serves as the Indonesian air traffic control or Area Control Center (ACC), belongs to the new airport area. The service is called "Makassar Air Traffic Service Center" (MATSC), until 2008 it was still called Makassar Advanced Air Traffic Services (MAATS), and controls about 2/3 of the upper airspace in central and eastern Indonesia. MATSC is a merger of the previous ACCs from the Flight Information Area (FIR) of Makassar and Bali. It has two data processing systems for flights ( "Flight Data Processing System" or FDPS) and for radar ( "Radar Data Processing System" or RDPS) and can thus serve 1200 flights per day, which consist of 35 international and 80 domestic flight routes. The remaining 1/3 of the upper, western airspace area is monitored by Jakarta Automated Air Traffic Service (JAATS). Founded on January 16, 2013 Society of Air Navigation of Indonesia ( "Indonesia Air Navigation" or AirNav Indonesia) takes over the operation of the air traffic control systems in order to harmonize with the slogan "a heaven, a provider" ( English One Sky One provider ).
Name and abbreviation
With the completion of the new passenger building, the airport will be given the full name " Sultan Hasanuddin ". The Sultan was the famous ruler of the city of Makassar in the 17th century. The airport is often displayed on screens at airports other than Ujung Pandang instead of Makassar , as Makassar city was called Ujung Pandang from 1971 to 1999. The airport's IATA code is still UPG . A renaming to Makassar is difficult because possible abbreviations are assigned, such as MAK for Malakal in Sudan , MAR for Maracaibo in Venezuela , MAS for Manus in Papua New Guinea , MKA for Marianske Lazne in the Czech Republic , MKR for Meekatharra in Australia , MKS for Mekane Salem in Ethiopia .
operator
The airport is operated by the state-owned company PT. Angkasa Pura I, which belongs to the Indonesian Ministry of Transport. The company manages this next largest airport, several other airports with the total annual capacity of 30,700,440 passengers, among which are: Denpasar Airport , Surabaya airport , SAMS Airport , Manado Airport , Surakarta Airport , Papua Airport , Lombok International Airport , Maluku Airport , Airport Semarang , airport Yogyakarta , Banjarmasin and airport Kupang .
Incidents
- On December 24, 2006, a shot Boeing 737-400 of Lion Air ( air vehicle registration PK-LIJ addition) over the end of the runway. The passengers got away with horror. The machine served the Jakarta-Makassar-Gorontalo route.
Traffic figures
Since the beginning of the third millennium, the annual number of passengers has increased more than eightfold, although the freight sector in Makassar had long before played a subordinate role, economically speaking. One reason for the slow development of the freight sector is the relatively high concession fee charged by the operator, which is currently 25 rupiah per kg for goods export and 15 rupiah per kg for goods import.
| Year of operation | Passenger volume | Air freight [Kg] | Flight movements |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 1,059,213 | 28,218,000 | 20,445 |
| 2001 | 1,022,993 | 31,283,504 | 22,464 |
| 2002 | 1,692,032 | 23,886,003 | 31,315 |
| 2003 | 1,690,635 | 26.213.963 | 39,419 |
| 2004 | 1,976,223 | 27,700,099 | 48,736 |
| 2005 | 3,597,238 | 32.353.245 | 42,940 |
| 2006 | 4,044,510 | 31,237,854 | 45.206 |
| 2007 | 4,465,775 | 31,605,217 | 48.906 |
| 2008 | 4,706,189 | 32,408,389 | 49,584 |
| 2009 | 5,161,289 | 32.420.401 | 52,299 |
| 2010 | 6,547,566 | 40.140.999 | 64,940 |
| 2011 | 7,455,408 | 43,338,508 | 73,077 |
| 2012 | 8,323,193 | 48.273.638 | 79,739 |
| 2013 | 9.431.004 | 53,517,658 | 94,693 |
| 2018 | 13,537,770 | 93.817.541 | 135.050 |
Airlines and Destinations
UPG is the official second airport of entry into Indonesia and the most important airport in East Indonesia, which is why it is served by almost all Indonesian airlines. Many airlines use Makassar as a stopover on routes between western and eastern Indonesia, which the short-haul Boeing 737 or Airbus A320 aircraft cannot fly without a refueling stop. The main airlines in the area are the state-owned Garuda Indonesia and Merpati Nusantara Airlines and the low-cost airline Lion Air . Due to the increasing importance of this airport, Garuda Indonesia opened its third maintenance hangar there after Soekarno-Hatta- Jakarta and Ngurah Rai- Denpasar airports in order to better serve the East Indonesian air traffic.
Flight routes abroad initially had little success in the 1990s, but the Singaporean Silk Air flew the Makassar – Changi route until the airport tax was increased in 2004 ; since 2013 it has been resuming its flight route. The Malaysian airline Air Asia has been flying the Makassar – Kuala Lumpur , Kota Kinabalu , Singapore route for some time and will expand it to include Hong Kong , the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam . The national airline Garuda Indonesia Airlines has also been flying the Makassar – Singapore route since June 2011 and will also be offering destinations in Australia , the Philippines, Brunei and Malaysia in the near future .
| airline | Destinations |
|---|---|
| Air Asia | Kuala Lumpur , Kota Kinabalu , Singapore |
| Airfast Indonesia | Surabaya, Timika |
| Batik Air | Ambon, Jakarta, Jayapura, Manado, Ternate, Timika, Surabaya |
| Citilink | Balikpapan, Jakarta, Surabaya |
| Express Air | Bau-bau, Fak Fak, Jakarta, Jayapura, Kaimana, Kendari, Malang, Nabire, Sorong, Tanah Merah, Ternate, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Wakatobi |
| Garuda Indonesia | Ambon, Balikpapan, Biak, Bima, Denpasar, Jeddah *, Gorontalo, Jakarta, Jayapura, Kendari, Luwuk, Mamuju, Manado, Palu, Singapore, Sorong, Surabaya, Ternate, Tarakan, Yogyakarta |
| Indonesia AirAsia | Bali, Jakarta, Manado, Surabaya |
| Indonesia Air Transport | Soroako |
| Lion Air | Ambon, Denpasar, Gorontalo, Jakarta, Jayapura, Kendari, Manado, Palu, Surabaya, Tarakan |
| Merpati Nusantara Airlines | Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Baubau, Biak, Jakarta, Kendari, Kupang, Mamuju, Manokwari, Merauke, Palu, Sorong, Surabaya, Timika, Ternate, Wakatobi, Yogyakarta |
| Nusantara Buana Air | Makale, Selayar |
| Pelita Air Service | Jakarta, Mamuju, Sorong, Tana Toraja |
| Silk Air | Singapore |
| Sriwijaya Air | Ambon, Gorontalo, Jakarta, Kendari, Surabaya, Palu, Tarakan |
| Susi Air | Bone, Bua (Palopo), Kolaka, Masamba, Rampi, Seko, Tana Toraja |
| Trigana Air Service | Luwuk, Tana Toraja |
| Wings Air | Ambon, Bau-Bau, Denpasar, Gorontalo, Jakarta, Jayapura, Kendari, Kolaka, Mamuju, Manado, Palu, Surabaya |
(*) Extra for pilgrimage to Mekkah in Hajj season
Web links
- Airport operator website (Indonesian)
- Computer graphics of the new terminal building in an Indonesian aviation portal
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Air Transport Statistics. Directorate General of Civil Aviation, accessed January 7, 2015 .
- ↑ PT Angkasa Pura I will expand the international airport Sultan Hasanuddin ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ M. Tahir Saleh: Kemenhub Reminds Angkasa Pura to Fulfill Its Promise. (No longer available online.) Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative, September 24, 2012, archived from the original on October 24, 2014 ; accessed on January 7, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; The Ministry of Transport has asked PT Angkasa Pura I and PT Angkasa Pura II to implement 24-hour operation of airports in order to optimize services for customers
- ↑ strategy of the open sky (English)
- ↑ Airport charges in Indonesia
- ↑ Fajar - Makassarian newspaper - airport motorway ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ the envelope to commemorate the opening of the Surabaya - Makassar flight on September 27, 1937 (Dutch)
- ↑ pacificwrecks.com - air strikes against the base
- ↑ Article on the history of the airport (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from December 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The Ujung Pandang flight information area covers the central and eastern part of Indonesia ( memento of the original from June 23, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Antaranews - Indonesian English-language online news portal - New hangar inaugurated (English) ( Memento of the original from May 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Tribun Timur - Daily newspaper from East Indonesia - Commissioning on August 4th (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from March 30th 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Commissioning of the new terminal (English) ( Memento of the original from March 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ujung Pandang Ekspres - Macassar daily newspaper - Postponement of commissioning (Indonesian) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Fajar - Makassarian newspaper - airport expansion (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Plan of the new airport ( Memento of the original from July 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Project description (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Makassar airport runway will be extended to 3500 meters
- ↑ Elevation plans of the new terminal building ( Memento of the original from October 24, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The Jakarta Post - Overcapacity at Macassar Airport ( Memento of the original from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Sultan Hasanuddin airport is to expand (English)
- ^ Accor strengthens grip, targets opening of more budget hotels. Jakarta Post, June 17, 2014, accessed January 7, 2015 .
- ↑ The Ujung Pandang flight information area covers the central and eastern parts of Indonesia ( memento of the original from June 23, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Ministry of Transport on the commissioning of air traffic control in Makassar (Indonesian) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Flight navigation firm opens this month. Jakarta Post, January 10, 2013, accessed January 8, 2015 .
- ^ Christoph Antweiler: Beach, Bar, Internet: New Places of Globalization . LIT Verlag Münster, 2006, ISBN 3-8258-9294-8 , page 53
- ^ Accident report B-737-400 PK-LIJ , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on November 1, 2018.
- ↑ stern.de
- ↑ Concession fee objected to at the airport (English) ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ All figures are taken from ACI publications ( Memento des original from September 10, 2002) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Traffic figures (up to 2005) - Airport operator company ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Traffic figures (from 2005) - airport operating company
- ↑ Garuda opens the third hub in Makassar ( memento of the original from July 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ SilkAir starts flights to Makassar
- ↑ Makassar will become an international hub (Indonesian) ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Garuda flies Makassar-Singapore ( memento of the original from April 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
