Freiburg Bächle

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Bächle at Münsterplatz
47 ° 59 ′ 45.4 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 11.7 ″  E

The Freiburger Bächle ("Bächlein", Bach with the Alemannic diminutive ending -le ) are a landmark of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau . Documented since the Middle Ages , the man-made watercourses fed with water from the Dreisam can be found in most of the streets and alleys of the old town . The total length of the Bächle is 15.9 kilometers, of which 6.4 kilometers run underground.

history

Certificate from Count Konrad of Freiburg (1238), in which the Freiburg Bächle are mentioned
Pipe to the left of the Predigertor for the transfer of the Bächlewasser over the city moat. Behind the gate is the Dominican monastery . Behind it you can see the linden tree of the Unterlinden district. The guidance of the Bächle in the middle of the streets ( gutter ) is easy to see. Extract from the plan Die Statt Freÿburg by  Matthäus Merian
Channel of an early brook made of red sandstone. In the late Middle Ages it was reused as a latrine overflow in the Friborg Preacher Monastery.

The first written mention of the brook comes from the year 1220. At that time, Count Egon I of Freiburg gave the Tennenbacherhof the use of a field including irrigation through a brook for leaning . Another reference to the Bächle can be found in a document from 1238, in which Count Konrad granted the Dominicans the court interest for their preacher monastery built on the city wall inter duas ripas (Latin: between two banks ) .

Some archaeologists conclude from the results of excavations in the urban area that the structure of the Bächle existed a hundred years earlier than its documentary mention, i.e. as early as 1120 when Freiburg was founded. Since the settlement was built as the forerunner of the city of Freiburg below the Schlossberg on its gravel cone, the natural gradient of the deposits made it possible to create artificial watercourses to irrigate pastureland, for example.

Around the year 1180, some street levels were backfilled in the urban area with layers of gravel up to three meters thick. Since this was not a protection against flooding, as in many other settlements (the river bed of the Dreisam is much deeper than the city), it is now assumed that with this complex construction the level of the Bachle system was raised overall, including the to be able to supply emerging suburbs with water if the gradient is sufficient. Houses from the first half of the 12th century are oriented towards a lower street level, but all new buildings after 1175 are oriented towards a higher one. These embankments made the ground floors of many buildings inaccessible from the street, so that houses were either raised or their upper floors, which were now at ground level, were simply provided with front doors. The number of new buildings around the year 1175 exceeded the number usually expected due to natural urban growth, probably also because the elevation was used to replace wooden buildings with stone buildings.

The Bächle were part of the dual water supply system of Freiburg: The supply of the city with drinking water turned out to be difficult because the groundwater is at a depth of around 12  m and the few deep wells are only sufficient for emergencies. Spring water was directed from the foot of the Bromberg in the east of the Wiehre via dykes to Freiburg and fed urban fountains with it . This system was sufficient to supply the population with drinking water, but did not cover the need for service water and for watering animals within the city walls. For this purpose, water was also branched off from the Dreisam and directed through the city in Runzen . In addition to canals like today's commercial canal , this also included the Bächle. Since the term Runze was used for both Bächle and canals for a long time, it is not always possible to distinguish the two systems exactly in historical sources.

The Bächle have always carried rainwater out of the city and also transport all kinds of dirt. In order for the Bächle to offer a positive image of the city during the day, "nuisance-causing substances" were not allowed to be disposed of in them before nightfall since the 14th century. Council ordinances in the 16th century later banned the disposal of solid materials by means of the Bächle:

"And should nymandt dhein mist, strow, stain pour into the brook ..."

- City of Freiburg, council ordinance from the 16th century

After their way through the city, the brooks were used to irrigate fields. The water was led into the fields by means of wooden bridges (barges) over the city moat. As a nutrient-rich fertilizer, the “used” Bächle water massively increased the value of the fields. The Bächle washed the snow out of the city and thus extended the growing season in spring. In the event of drought, they ensured the continued existence of the harvest.

Marktgasse - One of the few streams that run in the middle of the street
47 ° 59 ′ 46.2 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 8 ″  E

As can only be seen today in Marktgasse, the Bächle originally ran in the middle of the carriageway. With the massive increase in the number of inhabitants in the 19th century, they were seen as an obstacle to the resulting increase in traffic. Between 1840 and 1851 they were moved to the edge of the road and a large part of them were covered with wooden or iron plates or they were set in stone gutters and pipes. This was received negatively by part of the population:

“A few days ago, the Grünwälderstrasse began to be replaced with cement pipes for the previously open stream. This removes an amenity for the inhabitants of the street which, especially in this city, is so advantageous to strangers in comparison to other cities. In any case, very weighty reasons must have been decisive which justify such a change without having heard the primarily involved residents of the street about their wishes in this regard. We believe that we must not share the fears that have been expressed that the main intention is to cover up all the canals. Because the change already mentioned above has caused multiple unpopular expressions on the part of those involved. "

- Freiburg newspaper of October 27, 1878

The Freiburgers did not want to do without the Bächle. New brooks were even created by 1858, for example in Roß-, Engel- and Kasernengasse and at the Holzmarktplatz. Otto Winterer's term of office saw more Bächle in Stadtstrasse and Tennenbacherstraße as well as the disclosure of some hidden Bächle. The planners of the Freiburg tram ignored the advice obtained from the chief engineer of the Hamburg tram at that time , who in 1899 “could not recommend under any circumstances the running of the track along the stream”.

In addition to covering the service water requirement and irrigating the meadows, the Bächle enabled a better supply of extinguishing water than the deep and running wells. The wells had no reservoir, but the inflow of the Bächle could be increased quickly if necessary, and the courses could be dammed for better water extraction. For this task, according to the fire regulations of 1692, the residents of Oberlinden had to appoint people from their midst on May 1st, who were then supplied with boards by the city. For example, in 1713, before the siege by the French army, there were 46 households. The fire regulations from 1838 again fixed the important role of the Bächle. She asks the fountain masters to “direct the water in the fountain and town streams immediately to the area of ​​the fire”. Since extinguishing water was available directly at the location of the fire, no long chains of buckets had to be formed to the next water point.

With the modernization of the drinking and sewage network after 1850 and the construction of hydrants , the importance of the Bächle as a source of extinguishing water decreased in the late 19th century. However, they also helped put out fires in the following century when the British bombing raid of November 27, 1944 ( Operation Tigerfish ) completely destroyed parts of the city center. Contemporary witnesses report that after the attack, the Bächle and their water came in handy because the commercial areas had been buried and the hydrants were unusable with the destroyed water pipes. Without the water from the Bächle it would probably not have been possible to save the Oberlinden area, the historic department store , the Wentzingerhaus and other buildings.

Bächle in the city center. On the left the rails of the tram, on the right the sidewalk for pedestrians
47 ° 59 ′ 39.2 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 7.5 ″  E

As early as November 1945, Mayor Wolfgang Hoffmann asked for the streams to be cleaned so that the Bächle could be brought back into operation. Since the Bächle were often hindered in the river by the clearing work or made it more difficult, it took until the early 1950s for them to flow through the rebuilt city again.

The Bächle at the New Fair
48 ° 0 ′ 54.6 ″  N , 7 ° 50 ′ 22.7 ″  E

At the New Fair , which opened in Freiburg in 2000, a stream was supposed to flow, but the idea initially threatened to fail for cost reasons. That is why Freiburg citizens and companies were invited as sponsors to finance one meter of Bächle for 500 DM each  . In a place that is more than two kilometers away from the city center, a stream flows that is completely independent of those in the city center.

The current version of May 8, 2007 of the pavement cleaning statute of the Freiburg city administration of December 19, 1989 mentions the Stadtbächle in several places: In pedestrian areas and in traffic-calmed areas a. as sidewalks the lateral areas delimited by town streams or street gutters. Bächle must be kept free of snow accumulations and rubbish must not be poured into them.

On September 15, 2012, the Freiburg Rehabilitation Association, in whose workshop wooden Bächle boats are made for children, organized the "1st Freiburg Bächle Boat Race".

As part of the renovation of Friedrich- and Rotteckring for a new light rail line , new Bächle were built there, which went into operation at the end of 2018.

term

The word formation Bächle comes from the 20th century: In the Upper Rhine-Manish dialect, as it is spoken in Freiburg, simple reductions are usually formed with the morpheme {-li}. However, the Alemannic dialects have worn down over time, at least in the cities, and a "large-scale, uniform variant" emerged. This is how the Bächli became the Bächle .

Infrastructure

Drainage of the water for the Bächle from the commercial sewer
47 ° 59 ′ 32.8 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 39.2 ″  E
Bächlestollen at Schlossberg
47 ° 59 ′ 32.8 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 38.8 ″  E
Beginning of the brook network at  Schwabentor 47 ° 59 ′ 36.7 ″  N , 7 ° 51 ′ 14.5 ″  E
Bächle cleaner from waste management and city cleaning Freiburg

Far above the old town, at the sand trap near the Charterhouse , a trap guides water from the Dreisam into the commercial canal. Before it was moved to its current location in 1852, this diversion was located below the sand trap bridge. The locking latch had to be operated manually until the beginning of the 21st century; An automated intake structure was only put into operation in 2009. The commercial canal feeds a tunnel in the foot of the slope of the Schlossberg , which branches off from the canal east of the SWR site. This tunnel, which is around 400 meters long, was partially bricked, partially carved into the rock. There are memorial stones for building , works and mayors of Freiburg. A historical map suggests that the tunnel was an open watercourse before 1679 , i.e. before Vauban 's fortress was built. In 2018 the tunnel was re-measured with lasers.

At about the level of the Schwabentore , the amount of water is regulated by a sluice, so that 200 (according to another source 250) liters per second flow into the brook network and it is completely refilled every eight minutes. Thanks to the difference in altitude between the east and west of Freiburg's old town, the Bächle flow from the feed with a natural gradient of 1 to 2 ° downwards in a north-north-westerly direction. There is a main distributor in Oberlinden, from which water for irrigation of the old linden tree from 1729 can be branched off. After running through the city, the water at Predigertor flows into the northern arm of the commercial canal, which flows into the Glotter via the Rossgässlebach and the Schobbach . When the Bächle were still being used for meadow irrigation, they were also directed over the city walls at the Christoffeltor and the Mönchstor .

The Runzknecht takes care of the distribution of the water . 142 sheet metal slides are used for regulation, with which the water can also be turned off when cleaning the brooks. There are also ground runoffs that connect sections of the Bächle system with the sewage system and allow wastewater to drain there. 15 overflow thresholds in the sewer system or the commercial stream prevent basements from being flooded when the water levels are higher.

Keeping the watercourses clean has been the responsibility of the four "Bächle cleaners" (previously: "brook clearers") since at least 1789. Until 2010 the energy supplier Badenova or its predecessor the Freiburg energy and water supply was responsible for this . Since 2011, the task has been the responsibility of the waste management and municipal cleaning department Freiburg GmbH . Twice a day, the brook cleaners remove leaves and waste from the brooks, which also collect in rakes at the drains. In addition, every year in autumn and on a weekend in spring the so-called brook tee is carried out, during which the water from all canals and brooks is drained for two weeks. The stream cut is used on the one hand for cleaning, on the other hand to check the brooks for possible damage and repair them if necessary. Further reasons for a shutdown are e.g. B. Construction sites as well as the Freiburg Wine Festival and the carnival parade , at which the jesters of the Bächleputz fools' guild founded in 1935 can be admired. On Ash Wednesday , the tradition of laundering money bags in front of the town hall follows with howling and complaining . Even during periods of drought such as 2003 and 2018 , the Bächle remain dry because the Dreisam does not have enough water. Sometimes the Bächle were only supplied with water during the day and at night it stayed in the Dreisam. The brooks are also turned off during longer periods of frost.

Adjusted to the width of the respective street, the Bächle are also of different sizes. The largest brook with a width of around 75 cm is located on the upper reaches of the Schwabentor, the smallest, around 15 cm wide, flow in the narrow streets of the old town. Over time, the shape of the watercourses changed:

  • middle Ages

  • 19th century

  • 19th to 20th century

  • 20th and 21st centuries

While the original brooks first ran unmounted, then in rather shallow gutters at street level, the 19th century brooks were entirely made of red sandstone . Since the renovations in the 19th century, the floor was concreted and the lining consisted of granite slabs . In the following 20th century, the variant used today was changed: the soles are paved with granite or with pebbles from the Rhine . The latter are also used for paving sidewalks, but are difficult to obtain. The processing also requires special training from the paver . The Bächle can also be lined with Rhine pebbles, porphyry or basalt .

Flora and fauna

Microorganisms such as the larvae of some species of mayflies , caddis flies and black flies indicate the good water quality along the entire stream through their presence. Flea shrimp , which in some years can also be found in the brooks, free the water from algae food and thus hinder their growth. Furthermore, the Freiburg-born evolutionary biologist Ulrich Kutschera described the Freiburg Bächle leech as a new species in 2010 . It is possible that this species, which is not known anywhere else, is just a synonym for another species.

Risk of accident

Truck stuck in the Bächle (April 1980)

The city of Freiburg can maintain the Bächle without endangering the road construction. The Freiburg Automobile Club (FAC) called for the removal of the "traffic obstacles" in 1952. A visitor suggested in 1956 that the place-name signs be given references to the Bächle. Around the same time, a businessman from Mannheim sued the city at the Freiburg Regional Court after driving into a stream on Salzstrasse and then bumping into a house wall. The suit for 2,360 DM was dismissed. A tourist who sued the city in 1964 had more success after breaking his leg falling into the Bächle in Adelhauser Strasse. However, the city only had to pay two thirds of the damage. This was justified by the fact that after a day's stay in the city he must have noticed the brooks and the city "should hold on to such a distinctive, beautiful and hygienic peculiarity as the city brooks as possible". When approaching the audience with Pope Benedict XVI. In the seminary Collegium Borromaeum on the occasion of his visit to Freiburg , Maike Kohl-Richter , the wife of the former Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl , drove into a Bächle. The car had to be recovered by a towing service, but could still be used to take the couple home.

After all, as a result of the accidents at the end of the 1960s, the city had the soles of some Bächle raised, including those on Salzstrasse and Bertoldstrasse. In 1973 the Freiburg city center became a pedestrian zone with tram traffic. Since then, the Bächle have no longer been a significant obstacle to traffic, although some of them run right next to the tram tracks. With the city ​​center concept 86 , the brook network between Rempartstraße and Martinstor was again expanded and the rotten brooks in Universitätsstraße and Niemensstraße were opened.

In 2015, the Bächle were the subject of an April Fool's joke in the local newspaper. It was reported that due to the pressure initiated by accident insurers, a large part of the Bächle should be filled in and paved blue. On this day, a citizens' initiative is collecting signatures against it.

reception

“There is great uncleanliness here. An artificially managed stream runs through all the streets. This absorbs the bloody juices from butchers and butchers, the stench of all kitchens, the dirt of all houses, the vomit and urine of everyone, even the feces of those who don't have a latrine at home . This water is used to wash the sheets, clean the wine glasses and even the saucepans. "

- Erasmus of Rotterdam : letter to Gasper Schets , 1534

"In this place it runs through all the streets of Bächlin
that eytel is fresh well water
and not frozen in winter."

- Sebastian Münster : Cosmographia Universalis , 1544

“The third fame of this city (so the entrance to the black forest is / and since it also has a fine Raht and Kauffauß) is / because of the wonderful little water / and brooks / of fresh fountain water / so that run through the whole city does not freeze over winter. "

- Matthäus Merian : Topographia Alsatiae , 1643

“For the sake of the location of my house, no poetry is required; because it really is in one of the friendliest areas of our thoroughly funny city, and the stream that runs through all the streets here flows extremely quickly and brightly in mine. "

- Johann Georg Jacobi (Professor of Fine Sciences at the Albertina) : Letter to his sisters, 1808

"The good drinking water from the nearby mountain springs, the wonderful area and the beautiful walks, the gardens and avenues around the city, but especially the streams that flow through all the streets in different directions and promote cleanliness and health."

- Christian Ludwig Fecht (writer, theologian and editor of the Lahrer limping messenger ), around 1810

“Nothing is so pleasant to look at when you drive through the row of apartments, which are not gorgeous, but clean and cheerful, than the fresh, wide brooks that cut the streets and free us of the dirt that is so repulsive in some larger cities. The healthy air still contributes to it and the crystal-clear, wonderful water, which leaps abundantly from so many tubes, forms a strengthening contrast to the magnificent flower arrangements, which unite everything else than water. "

- Ernst Münch : Freiburg, goal of my longing , 1822–1828

“When I go to university, I come through these clean streets that only exist once in Germany. Next to the sidewalks run wide gullies through which pearly clear spring water flows. Crowds of children wade in it to their knees and play jokes with the passers-by. I live like God in France! "

- Joseph Goebbels : as a student in his diary, 1920

“On the long marches through the pedestrianized city center, one carelessly climbs over a channel - and a paper boat comes swimming. Children play by the brook in the middle of the business district of a big city. Street brooks are the name of the open watercourses that run through the old town in a network of six kilometers. Fresh water from the Black Forest flows lively next to the streets. Takes the dust with it and makes the air better. At least that's the argument when the northern lights think these things are dangerous traps and just absurd these days. Of course you would like to reply something that sounds like practical utility. But I think the Bächle are less there for cleanliness than for the soul. "

- Ruth Merten : When Freiburg's Blossoms Bloom , 1986

"Venice for your feet"

- Klaus Eberhartinger ( EAV ) : at a concert, 2010

According to a legend from Baden , anyone who unintentionally steps into one of the brooks while visiting Freiburg will marry a native of Freiburg later in their life. This legend has not yet come true with Gerhard Schröder , who promptly stepped into the Bächle in June 2001 during the Franco-German summit with Jacques Chirac on the way to the town hall . In the television film Zeit der Zimmerbrände , which was shot in Freiburg at the end of 2013, the main actor Uwe Ochsenknecht is also warned by a passer-by before stepping into the Bächle, otherwise he would have to marry a woman from Freiburg.

Since 2007 there has been a two-day exhibition of sculptures in the Bächle every couple of years in the summer on Herrenstrasse. With their works, the artists deal with the narrow stone stream bed and the flowing water.

Comparable systems in other cities

Freiburg is probably the best-known city, in whose streets Bächle still or again flow today, while these watercourses were to be found more frequently in the cities in the past. At the beginning of the 16th century, Antonio de Beatis wrote about Innsbruck that the streets were "wide and in the same many fountains". In Goslar , the river Gose was already passed through the city before 1200 and supplied the inhabitants with drinking water. There were paved channels for the sewage. They could be flooded with fresh water to clean them or to put out fires. The irrigation or drainage ditches from the period between 1000 and 1100, which were found in an Anglo-Saxon center under Winchester in the 20th century, are even older . In Strasbourg at the end of the 13th century, the Brausch was led in canals through the cobbled streets to remove the sewage. At the end of the 19th century, the former city ​​archivist Adolf Poinsignon even suspected the Bächle in the older cities of Alsace at the foot of the Vosges as models for the systems in Freiburg. Bächle can also be found in the small French town of Briançon , which was rebuilt by Vauban after a fire. Also in the center of the Lower Austrian wine-growing community Gumpoldskirchen is a watercourse comparable to a brook.

Erfurt in the 17th century. View by Matthäus Merian

Villingen , which, like Freiburg, is a Zähringer foundation , still owns Bächle. The Zähringerstadt Bern had a Bächlesystem by the, which was also used to provide fire water Bach Master diverting the water to the fire. In 1954, at least the Bächle still existed in Hauptstrasse, although it was already covered with stone slabs. When the city of Schwäbisch Gmünd was founded by the Staufers, there were also continuously flowing water in the streets, as in other Staufer cities. If the Gmünder Bächle already existed initially, they were only created later in other locations. Examples are Basel , Quedlinburg , Speyer , Horhusen / Niedermarsberg , Düren , the Lorenz city of Nuremberg and Erfurt . The brooks there are easy to see on Matthäus Merian's cityscape from the 16th century. However, they can no longer be found on a city map from 1869. Other cities with city streams, some of which have also existed since the 12th century, are Jena , Gotha , Langensalza , Chemnitz , Dresden , Weißensee and Mühlhausen / Thuringia .

The city ​​moats are distantly related to the Bächle. By expanding the cities, these were located in the interior and then also served for sewage disposal. In addition to Würzburg , Cologne should be mentioned here. In Aachen and Munich ( Münchner Stadtbächer ), river arms are occasionally passed through the city, whereby in Munich the brooks were used not only to dispose of sewage but also to generate hydropower. This is comparable to the commercial channel in Freiburg.

Movie

  • The Bächle in Freiburg. Germany, documentary, 2005, 30 min., Script and director: Tamara Spitzing, production: SWR , series: Schätze des Landes, first broadcast: September 25, 2005, summary ( memento of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) by WDR

literature

Web links

Commons : Freiburger Bächle  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Simone Höhl: Bächle in the extension. Badische Zeitung, April 2, 2019, accessed on April 2, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Gerhard Endriß: From the Freiburg Stadtbächle . In: News sheet of the public culture and monument preservation in the administrative region of South Baden . 5th year, 1954, No. 7/10.
  3. ↑ Villinger, p. 48 ff.
  4. ↑ Berent Schwineköper: Historical plan of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau (before 1850) , Wagner, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1975, p. 14.
  5. ^ A b Haumann: History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. P. 111.
  6. ^ Villinger, p. 48.
  7. ↑ Matthias Untermann: Archaeological observations on the Freiburg old town streets and the origin of the "Bächle" . In: Schau-ins-Land 114, 1995, pp. 9–26.
  8. ↑ Nussbaumer, p. 43.
  9. ^ Karl Baas: Health care in medieval Freiburg im Breisgau . In: Alemannia 33, 25, 1905.
  10. ^ Gerhard Endriss: The artificial irrigation of the Black Forest and the adjacent areas. In: Reports of the Natural Research Society in Freiburg im Breisgau. Volume 42, Issue 1, 1952, p. 90.
  11. ^ A b c Baden Architects and Engineers Association: Freiburg im Breisgau. The city and its buildings , Friborg 1898, pp 116 - 118 .
  12. ↑ a b Nussbaumer, p. 44.
  13. ↑ Scheck / Zeller p. 34.
  14. ^ Haumann: History of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. P. 114.
  15. ↑ Freiburg newspaper of October 27, 1878, p. 2 , Locales
  16. ↑ Nussbaumer, p. 47.
  17. ↑ a b c d e f g Viktor Kuntzemüller: Freiburgs Bächle once and now ( Memento of the original from June 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , in: Freiburger Almanach 38, 1987.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.freiburg.de
  18. ↑ Fire regulations from 1692: order / when fire goes out / how everyone should behave in Freyburg. ( Wikisource ).
  19. ↑ Himmelsbach, p. 103.
  20. ↑ Fire Police Regulations for the Grand Ducal Baden Capital Freiburg. 1838, § 63 ( Wikisource ).
  21. ↑ Scheck / Zeller p. 30.
  22. ↑ Scheck / Zeller p. 52.
  23. ↑ Nussbaumer, p. 42 (f.).
  24. ↑ Jörg Lange: Die Dreisam - past, present and future . Lavori Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-935737-54-8 , p. 92.
  25. ^ Statute of the City of Freiburg i. Br. On cleaning, clearing snow and gritting on the sidewalks (walkway cleaning statute) (PDF; 47 kB) of December 19, 1989 in the version of the statutes of November 23, 1999, of April 16, 2002, of January 25, 2005, of May 8, 2007 and January 25, 2011, accessed June 30, 2012.
  26. ^ REHA Verein Freiburg: The "Freiburg Bächleboot" ... a success story. Retrieved April 26, 2020 .
  27. ^ REHA Verein Freiburg: Events. Retrieved April 26, 2020 .
  28. ↑ Simone Höhl: Runs! Badische Zeitung, December 11, 2018, accessed on December 14, 2018 .
  29. ↑ Harald Noth: Alemannisches Dialekt Handbuch vom Kaiserstuhl and its surroundings (German edition) . Schillinger, ISBN 978-3-89155-151-6 , p. 450.
  30. ↑ Sven Meyer: Out of the dark rooms , Sunday , June 13, 2008, accessed on April 25, 2009.
  31. ↑ Himmelsbach, p. 19.
  32. ↑ freiburg.de: Automated intake structure sand trap now in operation , press release, January 29, 2009, accessed on June 11, 2009; Karl-Heinz Zurbonsen: Freiburg: Green electricity gushes out of the Dreisam , Südkurier, February 6, 2009, accessed on July 4, 2012.
  33. ↑ a b Villinger, p. 52.
  34. ↑ Virtual walk on the commercial canal. Retrieved October 18, 2018 .
  35. ↑ Himmelsbach, p. 20.
  36. ↑ Dominik Heißler: The Bächle inflow is measured using the latest 3-D technology. Badische Zeitung, October 18, 2018, accessed on October 18, 2018 .
  37. ↑ a b c d e Sandra Röck, Rainer Bellenberg, Iso Himmelsbach, Günter Ebi (Eds.): Bächle, Brunnen und Kanal - Water City Map of the Freiburg City Center , Promo Verlag, Freiburg 2007.
  38. ↑ Nussbaumer p. 45.
  39. ↑ Scheck / Zeller p. 43.
  40. ↑ Simone Lutz: Message, Bächle, Pretzels. Badische Zeitung, March 3, 2020, accessed on March 3, 2020 .
  41. ^ Simone Höhl: Cheer up in the new year - Freiburg - Badische Zeitung. Badische Zeitung, January 8, 2011, accessed on August 6, 2017 .
  42. ↑ a b c Kornelia Philips: The little flea shrimp is the Bächleputzer's greatest helper. In: Badische Zeitung. dated July 25, 1986.
  43. ↑ Himmelsbach, p. 108.
  44. ^ Purse laundering Freiburg [accessed on February 21, 2017]
  45. ^ Joachim Röderer: Next ebb in Freiburgs Bächle. Badische Zeitung, August 31, 2018, accessed on August 31, 2018 .
  46. ↑ Joachim Röderer: "If nothing comes, we can't let anything in". Badische Zeitung, December 14, 2018, accessed on December 14, 2018 .
  47. ↑ Happy ending after a very difficult year: from tomorrow Freiburgs Bächle will bubble again - www.freiburg.de. Retrieved December 16, 2018 .
  48. ↑ Nussbaumer p. 46.
  49. ^ Ulrich Kutschera: A new leech species from Southern Germany, Trocheta intermedia nov. sp. (Hirudinea: Erpobdellidae). ( Memento from July 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 2.6 MB) Lauterbornia (2010) 70: 1–9.
  50. ↑ Clemens Grosser: Differentiation of some similar species of the subfamily Trochetinae (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae) . In: Ecologica Montenegrina 2, 2015, 1, pp. 29–41.
  51. ↑ Schenk / Zellner pp. 8, 34.
  52. ^ Hellmut Holthaus: The Freiburg brooks. In: Ekkhart 1957.
  53. ^ Freiburg: Towing service has to retrieve Helmut Kohl's car from Bächle . Badische Zeitung, September 24, 2011, accessed September 25, 2011.
  54. ↑ Nussbaumer, p. 48.
  55. ↑ Freiburg has to fill up Bächle - badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved April 1, 2015 . ; April fools in Freiburg: Freiburg's Bächle are allowed to continue flowing - badische-zeitung.de. Retrieved April 2, 2015 .
  56. ↑ a b c Scheck / Zeller p. 37 ff.
  57. ↑ Nussbaumer, p. 42.
  58. ↑ Matthäus Merian | Topographia Alsatiae . Frankfurt am Mayn 1647, p. 19.
  59. ^ Fritz Baumgarten: The German Universities Volume 1. Verlag Dr. Wedekind & Co. Freiburg im Breisgau 1907, p. 95.
  60. ↑ Maria Rayers: Freiburg in old and new travel accounts. Droste Verlag 1991, ISBN 3-7700-0932-0 , p. 69.
  61. ^ Johannes Werner: Joseph Goebbels in and about Freiburg . In: Freiburger Almanach 2001, p. 140.
  62. ↑ Maria Rayers: Freiburg in old and new travel accounts. Droste Verlag 1991, ISBN 3-7700-0932-0 , p. 213.
  63. ↑ Stefan Rother: Rock & Pop: How was it ... the First General Uncertainty in the Freiburg Concert Hall? , March 16, 2010, accessed March 19, 2010.
  64. ↑ Scheck / Zeller p. 35.
  65. ↑ Broadcast December 10th: Film shot in Freiburg: How is “Time of Room Fires”? In: Badische Zeitung of December 10, 2014, accessed on January 11, 2015.
  66. ↑ ast: Gundelfingen: "A mermaid who takes a vacation from the sea". Badische Zeitung, July 4, 2012, accessed on July 10, 2016 . ; Baechle art. freiburg-schwarzwald.de, accessed on July 10, 2016 .
  67. ↑ Ludwig Pastor : The journey of Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona through Germany, the Netherlands, France and Northern Italy, 1517-1518, described by Antonio de Beatis . Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1905, p. 30.
  68. ↑ Berent Schwineköper : On the problem of terms such as Staufer cities, Zähringer cities and similar terms. In: South-West German Working Group for Urban History Research, Erich Maschke, Jürgen Sydow: South-West German Cities in the Age of the Hohenstaufen. 1980, ISBN 3-7995-6406-3 , p. 106.
  69. ^ Adolf Poinsignon: Historical description of the place of the city of Freiburg im Breisgau . Rombach, Freiburg i. Br. 1903/1978, ISBN 3-7930-0106-7 , p.?.
  70. ↑ Haumann p. 614.
  71. ^ Franz Wey: The drinking water supply of the city of Bern. A Historical Review, 1191–1906. Bern 1907, p. 5 f.
  72. ↑ Berent Schwineköper: On the problem of terms such as Staufer cities, Zähringerstädte and similar names in the Southwest German Working Group for Urban History Research, Erich Maschke, Jürgen Sydow: Southwest German cities in the age of the Staufers 1980, ISBN 3-7995-6406-3 , pp. 120 ff.
  73. ↑ Berent Schwineköper: Observations on the problem of the Zähringerstädte , in: Schau-Ins-Land 84/85, 1966/67, p. 74 ff.
  74. ^ Klaus Grewe: Water supply and disposal in the Middle Ages. An overview of the history of technology in: Frontinvs-Gesellschaft e. V .: The water supply in the Middle Ages (History of the water supply 4) , Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1157-5 , pp. 78-80.
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