Oscar Schuster

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Oscar Schuster

Oscar Schuster (born October 1, 1873 in Markneukirchen , † June 2, 1917 in Astrakhan , Russian Empire ) was a German medic and mountaineer . He was one of the pioneers in the development of the Saxon Switzerland climbing area , and he also completed important first ascents and first ascents in the Alps and the Caucasus .

Schuster grew up as the son of a wealthy businessman in Dresden and completed his school education there and in the Fridericianum Davos . From 1894 to 1901 he studied medicine, but after graduating with a doctorate was not dependent on practicing his profession. Instead, he devoted himself to his diverse alpine interests. In addition to the development of Saxon Switzerland, in which he completed over 30 first ascents and laid essential foundations for technique and climbing ethics, he was mainly active in the Alps. By 1903 he had climbed over 700 peaks there, including a number of first ascents. On four expeditions from 1903 to 1914, he also climbed various peaks in the Caucasus. During the last expedition, due to the beginning of the First World War , he was interned in Russia as an " enemy alien ", during which he fell seriously ill and died in 1917.

Life

Christian Friedrich Oscar Schuster was born in Markneukirchen on October 1st, 1873 as the son of the businessman Ernst Oscar Schuster and his wife Christine Marie Schuster, née Prenner. His father, who came from a Markneukirchen family of instrument makers, ran a successful musical instrument trade in Markneukirchen . Schuster had an older and a younger sister and a younger brother.

A few years after his birth, the family moved to Dresden , where his mother was from. Schuster initially received lessons from private tutors , before he switched to the Dresden Wettiner Gymnasium in 1886 . After two years of teaching, the shoemaker, who was considered to be rather weak, switched to the Fridericianum Davos , a grammar school especially for boys with lung disease and weakness. During this time he discovered the mountains and completed his first mountain tour to Diavolezza in June 1889 .

In 1890 Schuster moved back to Dresden, this time to the Kreuzschule , but at the end of 1891 he went back to the Fridericianum, only to switch to the Kreuzschule again a year later. At this he passed the Abitur in the spring of 1894 . Schuster had initially a law degree envisaged, but then enrolled in April 1894 at the University of Jena for the medical school one. He interrupted this in October of the same year to complete the first half of his service as a one-year volunteer with the Royal Saxon Foot Artillery Regiment No. 12 . He then moved to the medical faculty of the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich for the summer semester beginning in April 1895, and to the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg for the following winter semester . Schuster stayed in Freiburg until the summer of 1898. Schuster finally completed his studies in Kiel , where his fellow students included the botanist, geneticist and breeding researcher Erwin Baur . At the Christian Albrechts University there , he completed his medical state examination on March 18, 1901 , followed by his doctorate on June 29 of the same year. His doctoral thesis entitled “About tuberculosis among craft boys, casual workers and vagabonds” was awarded Cum laude . He did the second half of his military service as an assistant doctor in Strasbourg .

Schuster never practiced the medical profession. His father's fortune - his father had already died in 1891 - made it possible for him to live as a private scholar who pursued his diverse inclinations and interests - above all Alpine expeditions and ventures, both in Saxon Switzerland and the Alps, the Caucasus and other destinations. His place of residence was repeatedly in Munich, Freiburg im Breisgau and Dresden. Schuster remained unmarried, despite his sister's attempts to marry him off. Although he had various friendly relationships with touring partners, he decided to live as a bachelor. Above all, his tours abroad, some of which lasted several months, probably made an independent life seem more sensible to him, according to his mountain friend Oskar Pusch .

From 1906 to 1908 Schuster was enrolled as a student of philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich and attended lectures on philosophy and psychology without taking an exam. In 1911 he was one of the founding members of the Schopenhauer Society in Dresden, together with Karl Gjellerup . Schuster published extensively on mountaineering and alpine topics, but also on philosophical issues.

Memorial plaque for Oscar Schuster on the Trinity Cemetery in Dresden

On July 4, 1914, Schuster, together with his friend Walter Fischer from Dresden and two Swiss mountaineers, embarked on another expedition to the Caucasus, where he had already completed several large mountain tours since 1903. The beginning of the First World War surprised the expedition in the Caucasus . While the Swiss mountaineers were allowed to leave the country as members of a neutral country, shoemakers and fishermen were arrested in Sukhumi and were interned in Russia . At malaria ill they came after some time to Orenburg , where malaria is a pulmonary tuberculosis was come. At the end of 1916 Schuster was imprisoned in an internment camp in Astrakhan, where he fell ill with typhus and finally succumbed to his illness on June 2, 1917 and was buried three days later. As a reminder, a memorial plaque was attached to the family grave in the Trinity cemetery in Dresden.

Schuster bequeathed his extensive alpine library to the library of the German and Austrian Alpine Association (DuÖAV) in Munich. The Alpine Club library together with the Schuster estate was destroyed during a bombing raid on Munich on the night of October 3, 1943. Three postcards that Oscar Schuster wrote to his friend Henry Hoek and his wife from captivity have survived . The postcards are dated August and December 1916.

Mountaineering career

Schuster did not make his first mountain tours in his native rocky areas of Saxon Switzerland , but as a student from Davos in the local mountains. His first tour took him to the Diavolezza in July 1889 , and on August 4th of the same year he climbed Piz Kesch, the highest peak in the Albula Alps . Various mountain tours in South Tyrol followed in September, including the Ortler and Königspitze . His enthusiasm for alpinism led him to join the Davos section of the Swiss Alpine Club in autumn 1889 .

The change back to the Dresden Kreuzschule in 1890 led him to undertake his first climbing tours in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains . Initially intended as exercise tours for future alpine ventures, Schuster soon discovered the independent value of climbing in Saxon Switzerland. From the Alps he already knew how to handle the rope in a rope team and special climbing shoes with hemp soles . He used the latter for the first time in Saxon Switzerland and introduced it there. Schuster remained connected to the Alps and discovered other mountains as alpine destinations for himself, but Schuster had a lasting effect as a pioneer of climbing in Saxon Switzerland.

Saxon Switzerland

The Falkenstein - the Schusterweg runs in the right visible half of the wall through the “sloping chimneys”, which are easily recognizable about halfway up.

It is not known exactly which summit Schuster climbed on his first tours in autumn 1890. He himself only named the area around the Swiss mill in the Bielatal as a destination. A first significant ascent was on 13 August 1891, later named after him Schusterturm in Bielatal he in single-handedly mounted and on which he deposited the first summit book in the second ascent of the 1,893th In the years 1892 and 1893 he dominated the development of new peaks in Saxon Switzerland, almost all routes first climbed at this time come from him. He mounted not only diverse climbing rocks in Saxon Switzerland climbing region for the first time and deposited the first summit books , but also developed significant thoughts and ideas about the future of Rudolf Fehrmann started Saxon climbing rules , in particular the abandonment of artificial aids for locomotion. The first climbing guide published by Fehrmann for the area of ​​Saxon Switzerland is also based on Schuster's preliminary work. Schuster also published extensively about his tours and thus aroused greater interest in climbing in Saxon Switzerland.

Schuster is best known in Saxon Switzerland for the Schusterweg up the Falkenstein, which he and his former classmate Martin Klimmer walked for the first time on September 27, 1892 . After the Turnerweg , which had already been taken in 1864 , this was the second climbing ascent to the Falkenstein. It is still one of the most popular and most frequently used climbing routes in Saxon Switzerland. In 1893, as the follow along with Klimmer and other climbing partners more first ascents, little Hunskirche on Papststein of, escape wall in Schmilkaer area and the Goldstein and Klimmersteins on Rauschenstein . He climbed the valley guard together with Conrad and Friedrich Meurer on a new route and for the first time without artificial aids. For the first time, he and three other mountaineers climbed the Wartburg , a rock in the Kleiner Zschand , which used to be part of a medieval rock castle. His first ascent of the Böse Tower above Schmilka on August 27, 1893, the last section of which Schuster described as follows , is also known among Saxon mountaineers :

"I do the traverse, which is one of the worst that Saxon Switzerland has to offer climbers ..."

- Oscar Schuster

In the years 1894 to 1898, there were further first ascents and tours in Saxon Switzerland, especially in spring and autumn - the summer was reserved for the Alps. These included the first ascent of the Winklerturm , Müllerstein , Wartturm and Kampfturm (so named by Schuster because a capercaillie attacked Schuster and his rope partner Friedrich Meurer at the foot of the wall), as well as first ascents on the Heringstein and the Hohen Torstein in the Schrammsteinen . Schuster also climbed the monk several times during these years.

From around 1900, Schuster was less active in mountaineering in Saxon Switzerland, even though he repeatedly undertook climbing tours with friends on individual peaks. His first ascents from this time include the Kleiner Bärenhorn in 1903 and the south face on the Großer Zschirnstein , one of the few massive climbs in Saxon Switzerland that are still permitted today .

Schuster reported early on about his tours and published reports in relevant magazines. In 1894, he first introduced Saxon Switzerland as a climbing area in the DuÖAV's communications. From 1895 onwards, Schuster was the first author for Saxon Switzerland to describe summits and climbs in a series of articles in the journal Über Berg und Thal of the Saxon Switzerland Mountain Association .

During this time, Schuster only rarely completed first ascents in Saxon Switzerland. These included the Byzantinerweg in 1907 and the Fischerweg as his last first ascent in Saxony in 1910 , both on Frienstein . A total of 33 first ascents by Schuster are known from the years from 1891 to 1910 in Saxon Switzerland, in others he was involved as a follow-up .

Alps

The Oscar-Schuster-Steig on the Plattkofel

Since his stay in Davos, Schuster had discovered the Alps as a goal of his mountaineering endeavors. After the first tours around Davos in 1889, he was already on the road in 1890 with Alexander Rzewuski , a Swiss doctor and chairman of the Davos SAC section, in Valais . There the then 16-year-old shoemaker climbed the Matterhorn on July 31, and a few days later the Dufourspitze .

While Schuster had mastered most of the alpine tours with the help of a mountain guide , as was customary at the time, a chance meeting in August 1891 in the Zillertal with Eugen Guido Lammer not only led him to a new tour to the Zsigmondyspitze , but also to the discovery of guideless walking more difficult tours, as Lammer particularly propagated at this time. In the years that followed, Schuster completed many new tours without a guide, but continued to rely on the services of mountain guides. In 1891 he had also become a member of the exclusive Austrian Alpine Club, which values ​​the mountaineering skills of its members .

Schuster was out and about in the Alps for almost the entire summer of 1892, for example in May in the Wetterstein Mountains and in the Wilder Kaiser . In June and July he was again on the road with a Swiss friend in the Albula Alps before undertaking various new tours in the Zillertal Alps and the Venediger group in August . In the annual report of the Davos SAC section for this year, his tour directory was almost as long as that of all the other section members. In the following year, Schuster was in the Dolomites for the first time , where the Sassolungo Group came into focus. In July 1893 he climbed the Langkofel on a new route, a year later he completed the first ascent on the five-finger tip and the Grohmannspitze , and in 1895 another new tour on the Plattkofel . In 1896 he published a comprehensive report on the Sassolungo Group in the journal of the DuÖAV, whose Austria section he had joined in 1894.

In the following years, Schuster managed an extensive program of mountain tours every summer, despite the demands of studying medicine at the same time. His tours include the first ascent of the Schüsselkarspitze in the Wetterstein Mountains on June 6, 1894 and the first ascent of the northwest ridge of the Trettachspitze in the Allgäu Alps on June 4, 1895. In 1896 and 1897 he climbed various peaks of the Pala in the Dolomites, including one New tour together with the British mountaineer Beatrice Tomasson on the Pala della Madonna on June 14, 1897. In August of the same year, there was an ascent of Piz Buin in the Silvretta group , also on a new ascent from the east. From 1901, after successfully completing his doctorate, Schuster again carried out various Dolomite tours, including many first ascents. In his tour directory that was printed for friends in 1903, he listed over 700 summit ascents on around 600 mountain tours, including around 50 first ascents and first ascents.

From around 1896 Schuster carried out his first alpine tours in winter, increasingly also on skis . Outstanding was his ascent of the Dufourspitze on March 23, 1898, the first ever ski tour on a four-thousand-meter peak. Schuster was also active as a ski pioneer through publications and the development of a new ski binding . From his temporary place of study in Freiburg, he used the mountains of the Black Forest for ski tours. From 1902 he went on ski tours several times with Willi Rickmer Rickmers . His touring companions on skis also included Henry Hoek and Wilhelm Paulcke . In 1903 he discovered and climbed the Parsenn run together with the Davos mountain guide Johann Engi .

Caucasus

The Ushba around 1890, photograph by Vittorio Sella

Willi Rickmer Rickmers, who had already been to Russia several times, organized an alpine expedition to the Caucasus in the spring of 1903. In addition to Oscar Schuster, the participants included Adolf Schulze , Robert Helbling , Ernst Platz , Heinrich von Ficker and his sister Cenzi von Ficker . The most important achievement of the expedition was the first ascent of the 4737 m high Ushba south summit, which at that time was classified as the most difficult mountain in the world. Schulze fell badly on his first attempt and suffered head injuries. It was difficult to bring him back to the camp. Despite his bandaged head, he managed to climb the summit together with Schuster, Helbling, Fritz Reichert and Albert Weber in a second attempt on July 26, 1903. Following this success, the individual expedition participants climbed further peaks in the Caucasus.

In 1910, Schuster drove to the Caucasus again with his friends Walter Fischer and Gustav Kuhfahl and the Riga professor Viktor von Friedrichs, after the Russian authorities had not allowed any mountaineering expeditions since 1903 due to unrest. They mainly climbed unclimbed peaks in the group around the Kazbek . In 1911 and 1912 Schuster again carried out expeditions to the Caucasus: in 1911 again with Walter Fischer and Ernst Platz to the Kasbek Group, in 1912 with Walter Fischer and Hermann Renner to the eastern Central Caucasus. On his last expedition to the Caucasus, Schuster managed to climb Dombai Ulgen in the West Caucasus for the first time on July 27, 1914 , before the outbreak of the First World War ended the expedition.

Other tours

In the summer of 1907, Schuster drove to the mountains of Norway, which had not yet been explored in alpine terms . Together with the Austrian mountaineer Norbert Hütter, he climbed various peaks and walls on Vesterålen and Lofoten .

The Himalayas also moved into Schuster's eyes. The mountaineer and geologist Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth , who was later active several times in the Himalayas as an expedition leader and who had been with Schuster in Saxon Switzerland in 1910, planned his first Himalayan expedition for 1915. Oscar Schuster was planned as a participant, the outbreak of war made the project obsolete. Schuster had been on the road several times with Dyhrenfurth since 1903, for example on climbing tours in the Falkenberge ( Sokole Góry ) in Silesia on the edge of the Giant Mountains .

Journalistic activity

Schuster kept a regular diary and noted his alpine activities in it. Building on this, he published the first tour reports on his first ascents in alpine magazines from 1892, initially in the Austrian Alpine newspaper (ÖAZ). In the following years, a large number of alpine tour reports followed, in addition to the ÖAZ in the Deutsche Alpenzeitung , the Austrian tourist newspaper and other magazines. In total, Schuster published more than 120 articles on alpine topics.

In 1894 he described Saxon Switzerland for the first time as a suitable practice area for alpine tours in the notifications of the German and Austrian Alpine Club . In the same year he presented his alpine tours for the first time in a lecture in Dresden at the Alpine Club section there. He described Saxon Switzerland and the climbing tours there in various articles in the magazine Über Berg und Thal . The reports were provided with ascent sketches and topos and appeared under the heading rock climbing in Saxon Switzerland . He later made sketches and compilations from them available to Rudolf Fehrmann for the first climbing guide he wrote for Saxon Switzerland. He had initially planned to publish a guide himself, but shortly before it was ready for printing, he decided against it.

Up until the First World War, Schuster published regularly about his tours and expeditions and reported on them in numerous lectures. He also processed his tours in Norway and the Caucasus as a journalist, starting with a comprehensive report on the Ushba ascent in the Austrian Alpine newspaper published in 1903 . Other topics of the extremely versatile shoemaker as an alpine writer were ski touring or expedition equipment. Due to the outbreak of war and his internment, a planned Caucasus leader remained unfinished.

As a private scholar with a wide range of interests and not dependent on one profession, Schuster also dealt with philosophical questions as a publicist, above all he dealt with Arthur Schopenhauer . In 1911 he published an article in the archive for the history of philosophy published by Ludwig Stein on the subject of empathy with Theodor Lipps and Schopenhauer's aesthetics . Two years later followed a study on the roots of pessimism in Schopenhauer .

After the First World War, Waldemar Pfeilschmidt prepared his previously unpublished tour reports from the Saxon Switzerland from Schuster's diaries. Published by the Gilde vom Berge , a Dresden climbing club, they appeared as booklets from 1922. A collection of Schuster's tour reports appeared in 1926 together with memories of companions in a commemorative book Oskar Schuster und seine Geist - A bouquet of mountaineering experiences , which was published by the Academic Section Dresden of the DuÖAV.

Aftermath and honors

Shoemaker plaque in the Schusterweg at Falkenstein

In the history of climbing in Saxon Switzerland, Schuster is one of the most important and formative mountaineers from the development period up to the beginning of the First World War. He played a key role in the development of climbing, both in terms of technology and ethics . As one of the first climbers in Saxon Switzerland, Schuster developed ideas and considerations in the direction of today's free climbing without using artificial aids for locomotion. The perception of the Saxon rocky landscape not only as a practice area for alpine tours, but also as a climbing area with independent importance for climbing can be traced back to him.

Later Saxon climbers such as Dietrich Hasse and Bernd Arnold therefore saw Schuster as one of the most important pioneers for climbing in Saxon Switzerland. In 2013, Arnold described him as a "pioneering trailblazer" and praised Schuster's philosophical approach with which he viewed climbing. In the alpine region, Schuster's approach of dispensing with artificial aids also had an impact on the development of climbing ethics, even if in the Alps it was Paul Preuss who uncompromisingly promoted free climbing and established the corresponding principles. Reinhold Messner therefore rated Schuster as one of the "key figures between conquering and difficult alpinism". According to Messner, Schuster left his mark far beyond the Elbe Sandstone Mountains and was a "great alpinist".

On September 18, 1895, Oscar Schuster first climbed a new route through the east face of the Plattkofel together with the Viennese mountaineer Hans Lorenz and in the following years he campaigned for the expansion of this route, which became one of the first via ferratas in the Dolomites. Already in the 1896 annual report of the Academic Section Vienna of the DuÖAV it was announced that the new path should be named Oscar-Schuster-Weg in honor of the first climber . The path, known today as the Oscar-Schuster-Steig or Oscar-Schuster-Klettersteig , is a popular via ferrata, which, in accordance with Schuster's goals, is only sparsely secured with wire ropes and requires a high degree of personal responsibility on the part of its climbers.

The Schuster Tower in the Bielatal, which was his first known first ascent, was also named after him during Schuster's lifetime and listed under its current name in Fehrmann's climbing guide from 1908 .

In the summer of 1919, friends of Schuster from the Academic Section Dresden of the DuÖAV - Schuster had already become an honorary member of this section at the age of 30 - proposed to put up a plaque in his memory along the Schusterweg on the Falkenstein. The meeting of representatives of the Saxon Mountaineering Association (SBB) agreed to the matter in view of the “exceptional importance of shoemakers as mountaineers in Saxon Switzerland” (according to Rudolf Fehrmann ) - as an exception to the otherwise consistently pursued goal of dispensing with summit signs, memorial plaques and similar signs. The bronze relief with Schuster's portrait designed by the Leipzig sculptor Felix Pfeifer was installed on October 5, 1919 halfway up the Schusterweg . On October 17, 1919, a commemorative ceremony took place at the foot of the Falkenstein at the foot of the Falkenstein, which was attended by personal shoemaker friends, the Pirna governor , representatives of the forest authorities and the various Dresden alpine associations. Schuster's travel companion Walter Fischer, who had survived the Russian internment, gave the commemorative speech. Then some of the participants climbed the Schusterweg to the plaque and on to the summit of the Falkenstein. Since the beginning of the 1980s, encouraged by a television report by Horst Mempel , it has become commonplace among climbers to touch the nose of the bronze relief while walking the Schusterweg.

The Saxon Mountaineering History Interest Group issued a special postage stamp at PostModern in 2013 with a portrait of Oscar Schuster.

literature

  • Joachim Schindler, with the assistance of Bernd Arnold and Frank Richter: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. In: Sächsischer Bergsteigerbund (Hrsg.): Monographs Saxon mountaineering. Dresden 2013.
  • Michael Bellmann: Oscar Schuster - pioneer of mountain sports in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. Bellmann, Dresden 2004. ISBN 3-937-53701-5 .
  • Walther Fischer: Oskar Schuster and his spirit. Dressel, Dresden 1926.
  • Joachim Schindler: Dr. Oscar Schuster - a pioneer of Saxon climbing. In: The mountaineer. Munich 1991, No. 9, pp. 34-40.

Web links

Commons : Oscar Schuster  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 6.
  2. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 8.
  3. ^ A b c Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 11.
  4. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 222.
  5. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 16.
  6. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 224.
  8. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 230.
  9. ↑ Hans Pankotsch: The Falkenstein. From the story of a climbing rock in Saxon Switzerland. Neisse Verlag 2001, ISBN 3-934038-12-3 , p. 35.
  10. ↑ Waldemar Pfeilschmidt (Ed.): From Oscar Schuster's diaries (year 1893). Bernhard Hartung publishing house, Dresden 1922.
  11. ↑ Waldemar Pfeilschmidt (Ed.): From Oscar Schuster's diaries (year 1893). Bernhard Hartung publishing house, Dresden 1922.
  12. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 215.
  13. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 12.
  14. ↑ gipfelbuch.de: History of the climbing guides ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 4, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gipfelbuch.de
  15. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 21.
  16. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 10.
  17. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 13.
  18. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 210.
  19. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 212.
  20. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 18.
  21. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 213.
  22. ↑ Bernd Arnold : Oscar Schuster and me. An attempt at rapprochement. In: Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, pp. 34–54, here p. 47.
  23. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 216.
  24. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 24.
  25. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 20.
  26. ^ Manfred Reichstein: Günter Oscar Dyhrenfurth and Oscar Schuster. In: Sächsische Bergsteigergeschichte, Heft 8, Dresden 2002, pp. 11-19.
  27. ↑ Bernd Arnold : Oscar Schuster and me. An attempt at rapprochement. In: Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, pp. 34–54, here p. 54.
  28. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 111.
  29. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 57.
  30. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 133.
  31. ^ A b Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873-1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 23.
  32. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist . Dresden 2013, p. 228.
  33. ↑ a b Bernd Arnold : Oscar Schuster and me. An attempt at rapprochement. In: Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, pp. 34–54, here p. 35.
  34. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, cover.
  35. ↑ Hartmut Landgraf: "The Saxons have promoted climbing all over the world" , interview with Reinhold Messner, on www.sandsteinblogger.de, July 24, 2015 , accessed on May 2, 2016.
  36. ↑ sentres.com: Oscar-Schuster-Steig , accessed on January 3, 2016.
  37. ↑ bergstieg.com: Oscar-Schuster-Klettersteig , accessed on January 3, 2016.
  38. ^ Rudolf Fehrmann: The mountaineer in Saxon Switzerland . Johannes Siegel Publishing House, Dresden 1908, p. 102.
  39. ↑ Joachim Schindler: Oscar Schuster (1873–1917) - mountaineer, alpinist, developer, doctor, publicist. Dresden 2013, p. 227.
  40. ↑ Der Neue Sächsische Bergsteiger , newsletter of the SBB , issue 2, June 2013 (PDF; 2.6 MB), p. 41, accessed on September 17, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Cobbler, Oscar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schuster, Oskar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German alpinist
DATE OF BIRTH October 1, 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH Markneukirchen
DATE OF DEATH June 2, 1917
Place of death Astrakhan , Russian Empire
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 12, 2016 .